INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM

AND TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL

CONTROL SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR.ASAD JAMAL
SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD AFAQ NISAR
MUHAMMAD YOUSAF SHEIKH
MUHAMMAD USMAN ALI
HAMAD
SUBMISSION DATE: 21-01-2020
 PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES
 Define industrial control system
 Different types of operational zones in industrial control system
 How does industrial control system operate?
 control components in industrial control system
 Network components in industrial control system
 Types of industrial control system
 Major types of industrial control system
 PLC (programmable logic controller)
• PLC programming languages
• Function of PLC
• Why PLC are used?
 Function of SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition system)
• SCADA working
• SCADA types
 Function of DCS (distributed control system)
• Utility distribution system
• Advantages of distributed system
• Types of failure
 DEFINE INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM
An industrial control system is a combination of a variety of systems like computers,
electrical and mechanical devices. It can be considered as the combination of several
control systems such as supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and programmable
logic controllers. They are used to provide automated or partially automated control of
the equipment in manufacturing and chemical plants, electric utilities, distribution and
transportation systems, and many other industries. It can also be described as the
automatic regulation of unit operations and their associated equipment as well as the
integration and coordination of the unit operations into the larger production system. ICS
is used in manufacturing operations and it can also be applied to material handling.
The industrial control system includes – PLC, SCADA, and DCS
EXPLANATION OF OPERATIONAL ZONES
Industrial control systems are very complex, they can be used to control the complex
processes in real-time with the help of many components. In order to control the operation
process, ICSs are divided into three operational zones they are.
Enterprise zone
This zone comprises of business network and enterprise systems, it has many endpoint
devices that evolve rapidly and are upgraded continuously. The business network
is commonly based on the IP protocols and it will be connected to external
networks and the internet. These networks are usually kept separate from the
operational networks used in other zones.
Control zones
In this zone, it has a distributed control system like the SCADA systems. This zone
includes the control room environments. This zone has a network-based IP protocol just like
the enterprise zone. The devices in this zone are not often updated and the network has
some time constraints and because of this only a few cyber-security uses this zone.
Field zone
This zone is also called an operational zone it has many devices and networks in charge of
control and automation. The field zone devices and networks are comprised of high
reliability and safety Operational zones in the smart grid
OPERATIONAL ZONES IN SMART GRID
Operational zones in the smart grid
 HOW DOES INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
SYSTEM OPERATE?
The basic operation of ICS

Control loop
– control loop has sensors for measurement and they have controller hardware like
PLC, actuators, control valves, breakers, switches, and motors. The controlled variable
is transmitted to the controller from the sensors.

Human-machine interface
– operators and engineers do the configuration of set points control algorithms and
establish parameters in the controller. The HMI displays the process status information

Remote diagnostics and maintenance utilities

These devices are used to prevent failure, and to identify and recover from failure
 WHAT ARE THE CONTROL COMPONENTS
IN ICS??
Control server – this provides the control software for DCS or PLC which is designed to
communicate with lower-level control devices
SCADA server or master control unit – SCADA server acts as the master In the SCADA
system, remote terminal units and PLC devises which are located at remote field sites act as
slaves.
Remote terminal unit – these are designed to support SCADA remote stations, it is a special-
purpose data acquisition and control unit. RTU’s are used to support remote situations where
wire-based communications are unavailable
Programmable logic controller – PLC is a small industrial computer that is designed to
perform the logic functions executed by electrical hardware. PLC has the ability to control
complex process and they are used in SCADA systems and DCS. PLC’s can be used as a field
device because they are more economical and flexible.
Field devices – field devices are sensors transducers and actuators and machinery which
directly interface with a controller through a digital or analog input/output module.
Input/output server (I/O server) – it is a control component that does the collecting,
buffering, and providing access to process information from control sub-components such as
PLC, RTU… it can be used to interface with the third party control components such as an HMI
and a control server
Intelligent electronic device – IED is a smart sensor that has the intelligence to acquire
data, communicate to other devices, and it performs local processing and control. Automatic
control is possible with the help of IED

Human-machine interface – it can be considered as the combination of the software and

hardware which allows operators to check the state of a process if it is under control or not.
HMI can be used to modify control settings to change the control objective and it can be used
to manually override automatic control operations in case of emergencies. Operators can
configure set points or control algorithms with the help of HMI. It can display process, status
information, historical information and other information to operators.

Data historian – it is a centralized database for logging all process information within an ICS
information that is stored in a database that can be accessed to support various analyses.

Communications gateways –
two dissimilar devices can be communicated by this, it transforms data from a sending
system to match the protocol and transmission medium of a destination host
WHAT ARE THE NETWORK COMPONENTS IN AN
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM??
Field bus network – this device can link sensors and other devices to a PLC or other
controller. With the help of this, the need for point to point wiring between the
controller and the device is eliminated.
Control network – it connects the supervisory control level to lower-level control
modules
Communication routers – it is a device that can transfer messages between two
networks. LAN and WAN are examples of routers, it can be used as a long-distance
network medium

Firewall – devices on a network are protected by a firewall, it can protect the network
by monitoring and controlling communication packets

Remote access points – they are distinct devices, we can control the control system
remotely by the help of
this
MODEMS – modems are used for long-distance serial communications, digital data
can be converted by modem and it can transmit data over a telephone line to allow
devices to communicate. Remote communication is possible through the help of
MODEMS.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANCED TYPES OF
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM?
ICSs are classified
based on their uses and the separation between the controller and the
supervisory components
Process control system
This system does the automation function in a manufacturing unit, process control systems
are mostly seen in factories.
Safety instrumented system
These systems are used in the automation process it will check the process and it prevents unsafe
operation processes. They have sensors which will send signals to the controller which can
prevent any fault operation
Distributed control system
DCS can handle multiple automation processes in a factory, it can control all the automation or it
can monitor or supervise the factory process.
Building automation system
Building automation system controls and monitor the whole building process such as air-
conditioning, ventilation, energy management, and fire protection. So we can control the whole
building from a control room with the help of BAS.
Energy management system
An energy management system can control and monitor the transmission and generation of
electricity. It can be considered as a type of SCADA which can control the power generation
and transmission.
Supervisory control and data acquisition
SCADA is a type of industrial control system which can observe the automation process across
geographical areas which will be miles away. SCADA system can control and monitor remote field
controllers, and the result will be given to operators by a human-machine interface. SCADA system can
control one or more distributed or process control systems at distant locations
programmable logic controller (PLCs) - A Solid state control system that has a user-
programmable memory for storing instructions to implement specific functions such as I/O control,
logic, timing, counting, three modes (PID) control, communication, arithmetic, and data and file
processing.
Distributed control system (DCS) - An industrial control system deployed and controlled in a
distributed manner, such that various distributed control systems or processes are controlled
individually. In a control system, refers to control achieved by intelligence that is distributed about the
process to be controlled rather than by a centrally located single unit.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)- A generic name for a computerized
system that is capable of gathering and processing data and applying operational controls over long
distances. Typical uses include power transmission and distribution and pipeline systems. SCADA was
designed for the unique communication challenges (e.g., delays, data integrity) posed by the various
media that must be used, such as phone lines, microwave, and satellite. Usually shared rather than
dedicated.
Remote terminal unit- A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-based electronic device used in
industrial control systems (ICS) to connect different hardware to distributed control systems (DCS) or
SCADA. RTUs are also known as remote units of telemetry or remote units of telecontrol. RTUs pass sensor
data from input streams in the control loop to an output stream to be transmitted to ICS centralized
command. RTUs negotiate links to local or remote controls.

Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) - Industrial automation control system solutions
involve safe infrastructure to allow information transfers and communications as well as smart devices for
information collection. Sensors on machines and machinery usually achieve this. Industrial automation
control systems also involve hardware, software and communication alternatives to transform sensor
information into information

Programmable Automation Controllers (PACs) – Programmable Automation Controller (PAC) is a term

that is used loosely to define any automation controller that comprises of higher-level instructions. The
systems are used for equipment in a broad spectrum of sectors, including those engaged in critical
infrastructure, in industrial control systems (ICS).

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) - An intelligent electronic device is an electronic component (such as
a regulator and circuit control) that has a microprocessor and can communicate, typically digitally using
Fieldbus, realtime Ethernet, or other industrial protocols
 MAJOR TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
SYSTEM
• PLC (PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER)
• SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
• DCS (DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM)

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

What is PLC?
PLC stands for Programmable Logic Control.
Definition: PLC is electronic systems that operate digitally and are designed for use in industrial
environments, where the system uses programmable memory for internal storage instructions that
implement specific functions such as logic, sequences, timing, enumeration and arithmetic operations to
control machines or processes through digital or analog I/O modules
One can clearly explain what is PLC from it’s name:
Programmable, shows the ability in terms of memory to store programs that have been made that can
easily be changed functions or uses.
Logic, shows the ability to process input in arithmetic and logic (ALU), which is conducting operations
comparing, summing, multiplying, dividing, subtracting, negation, AND, OR, and so forth.
Controller, shows the ability to control and regulate the process so as to produce the desired output
.
Why PLCs are used?
This PLC is designed to replace a sequential relay circuit in a control system. Besides being
programmable, this tool can also be controlled and operated by people who do not have knowledge in
the field of computer operation specifically.
This PLC has a programming language that is easy to understand and can be operated if a program
that has been made using software that matches the type of PLC used has been included.
Programmable Logic Control is ideal to be operated in critical industrial conditions, since it was
designed and conceived for use in the environment industrial.
PLCs offer many advantages over other devices of control such as relays, timers electronic devices,
meters and mechanical controls of the drum type.
Main functions of PLC:
Sequential Control:
PLC processes binary signal input into output used for sequential processing of techniques, here PLC
maintains that all steps in sequential processes take place in the right order.
Monitoring Plant:
PLC continuously monitors the status of a system (such as temperature, pressure, altitude) and takes
the necessary actions in connection with the process being controlled or displays the message to the
operator.
Shutdown System:
The working principle of a PLC is to receive a controlled process input signal and then perform a
series of logical instructions on the input signal in accordance with the program stored in memory
and then produce an output signal to control the actuator or other equipment.
Programming Languages of PLC:
textual language
Structure Text (ST)
Instruction List (IL)
graphical form
Ladder Diagram (LD)
Function Block Diagram (FBD)
Sequential Function Chart (SFC)
APPLICATION
PLC’s are used in wide range of industries like petrochemical, biomedical, distillery, beverages,
food industries and any other industry that seek less human help to produce the product. With the
help of PLC some of the process we can do is listed below
1.Continuous bottle filling system
2.Batch mixing system
3.stage air conditioning system
4.Traffic control
Advantages of PLC
• Cost effective to control complex systems.
• Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.
• Computer skills allow more sophisticated control.
• Troubleshooting accessories make programming easier and reduce downtime.
• Reliable components make them work for years before failure.
• Less manpower for design
• Improved maintainability
How
. Does a PLC work?
The working of a PLC can be easily understood as a cyclic
scanning method known as scan cycle.
The CPU
The internal structure of the CPU depends on the microprocessor concerned. In
general, CPUs have the following:
An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) that is responsible for data manipulation and
carrying out arithmetic operations of addition and subtraction and logic operations
of AND, OR, NOT, and EXCLUSIVE-OR.
Memory, termed registers, located within the microprocessor and used to store
information involved in program execution. A control unit that is used to control the
timing of operations.
The Buses
The buses are the paths used for communication within the PLC. The information is
transmitted in binary form, that is, as a group of bits, with a bit being a binary digit of
1 or 0, indicating on/off states.
.Memory
To operate the PLC system there is a need for it to access the data to be processed
and instructions, that is, the program, which informs it how the data is to be
processed. Both are stored in the PLC memory for access during processing.
4.Input/Output Unit
The input/output unit provides the interface between the system and the outside
world, allowing for connections to be made through input/output channels to input
devices such as sensors and output devices such as motors and solenoids.
Types of PLCs
 Integrated or Compact PLC PLC are divided into three types based on output namely
 Modular PLC Relay output, Transistor output, and Triac Output PLC.
• The relay output type is best suited for both AC and DC
PLC Manufactures output devices. Transistor output type PLC uses
Allen bradley switching operations and used inside microprocessors
Siemens
ABB
Mitsubishi Electric
Schneider Electric

According to the physical size, a PLC is divided into Mini, Micro and nano
 How to choose the right PLC based on its application?

PLC selection criteria consists of:

SCAN time
Scan time of PLC is duration of:
Read Input
Execute program
Update the output
Therefore, the larger the program is, the longer the Scan Time will be.
Number of I/O s

3 Processing capacity
4. Digital or analog signals
5. System requirements
6. Application requirements
7. Electrical Requirements
8. Speed of Operation
9. Communication
PLC INTERNAL STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA Acquisition system)
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA is Widely used in industry for
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition of industrial processes. As the name indicates, it is not a full
control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level.
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition relate to a centralized scheme, which consists of several sub
systems such as Remote Telemetry Units, Human Machine Interface, Programmable Logic Controller or PLC
and Communications.
It is a pure software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules.
SCADA devices are not only used in industrial procedures such as steel production, energy generation
(conventional and nuclear) and distribution, chemistry, but also in some experimental installations such as
nuclear fusion. The size of such plants ranges from a few 1000 to several 10 thousand input/output (I/O)
channels.
How a scada do work?
The data sources of the field devices at a remote site are the sensors/transducers. The
sensor/transducer output is converted to digital data through the RTU. In the case of radio
telemetry, the output of the RTU is entered into a radio modem.
The modem converts the digital data into an analog signal that can be transmitted over the air. If
telephone lines are used as a means of communication, then the output of the RTU is fed to a
modem (or the RTU may have a built-in modem) from where the signal is placed on the 2-wire
telephone line (twisted pair).
At the receiving end, the previous process is reversed. The data recovery present at the receiving
end will process the required compatible data to the master computer (or to the field device).
In a typical application, the master computer requests data from remote field devices (polling),
one RTU at a time. Send a request to the RTU to send your data. Then, it returns to the standby
reception mode of the data coming from the remote site.
After the RTU sends the requested data, it returns to the receiving mode waiting to receive
further instructions from the master station. Once the master station receives the data from the
remote site, it enters transmission mode, it can send additional instructions to that site or go to
the next one to be polled.
The polling process continues until all remote sites in the system have sent their data. This
process is repeated indefinitely if a continuous survey is needed. The RTU can return to the
sending if an alarm or a limit is exceeded (report by exception) and, under the control of the
prevailing communication protocol, sends the data to the main station.
Functions of a SCADA system:
The main tasks that a SCADA system must provide are: controlling the field devices of the plant/system (obviously), handling
alarms, changing limits, providing more than 1 mode of operation, data file arrangement, event log and the production of
graphical trends reports and graphs).
Controlling field devices:
The remote components of the system are controlled from the master computer. The means for controlling the system can be
any or all of the following: positioning of the cursor, function keys, personalized menus and alphanumeric keys.
Alarm handling:
When an unexpected event generates an alarm, several alarm indicators are provided to the operator (through the software).
These indicators can be all or any of the following: audible alarm, the alarm light of the station flashes in the mimic panel, the
last alarm line is updated in all the images, the alarm is inserted in the alarm list corresponding, the object symbol (element) or
the value flashes in the station diagram (process image). An automatic dialer / voice unit can be included.
Limits changing:
The upper and lower limits for a remote measured value (which was previously established) can be changed from the master
station. There is a waiting period for the operator to make the change. If the waiting time period expires, the operator must
cancel the sequence that he has already entered and restarted the change sequence from the beginning.
Operation Modes:
The system must provide the following modes of operation: operator mode (normal operation of supervision and data
acquisition), programming mode (it is used by programmers/designers to change data, extend the system, maintain the
program, generate reports; network control is disabled) Training mode (self-explanatory) and special mode.
Data archiving:
It regularly samples the values of the measured and the states of the monitored points in the database and stores them in
historical files for a predefined retention period. This task is useful for monitoring networks and generating reports, as well as
for providing data to trend facilities.
Production of reports & trend charts:
A report consists of data that is presented to the user in a predetermined tabular format. It
can be produced cyclically from the historical database. The trend function allows the
operator to generate graphic screens that show the historical trend of the measured data.

Events logging:
it is a list of all events that occur in the system and that are printed chronologically in the
recorder. The types of events can be: changes of status of alarms and indications, waiting
times, limit violation, operator input and system alarms (loss of communication with
remote stations, hardware errors and failures in remote stations).

Types of SCADA
Scada mainly divided into
• AGC scada (automatic generation control)
• SCADA in generation
• SCADA in power distribution
• SCADA in power grid
DCS (distributed control system)
Distributed Control Systems is made up of decentralized components and
these components control all procedures. As the name implies, these
controllers are distributed in the entire plant area. Human interaction is
minimized in order to reduce labor costs and accidents.
DCS works as an instrument for controlling a loop system where some control
method can occur in one loop. To replace distinct manual and auto control
instruments in order to be a unit that is simpler to maintain and use.
DCS function:

•DCS works as a tool to control a loop system where one loop can happen some control process.
•Working as a replacement of separate manual and auto control tools to be a unity to be easier
for maintenance and use
•Data and data collection means to be obtained a really desired process.
DCS philosophy in the planning
•integration
•distribution
•reliability
•openness
•user-friendliness
•investment security & expandability
How DCS works?
DCS as an automatic control system works in a way
Collect data received from the field
Processing the data into a standard signal
Processing standard signal data obtained with the applicable control system so that it can be
applied to obtain a suitable value for signal correction.
If there is an error or data deviation, then correction is made from the data obtained in order to
reach the intended standard value
After a correction from the data, a deviation occurs a measurement or data collection is
performed from the field
Advantages of DCS:
• Access a large amount of current information from the data highway.
• Monitoring trends of past process conditions.
• Readily install new on-line measurements together with local computers.
• Alternate quickly among standard control strategies and readjust controller
parameters in software.
• A sight full engineer can use the flexibility of the framework to implement his
latest controller design ideas on the host computer
Components of DCS:
In general, the components of DCS consist of 3 basic components, namely:
Operator Station, Control Module, and I/O module.
•Operator station:
•A station operator is a place where the user monitors or monitors the running
process. The station operator is used as the interface of the system as a whole or
commonly also known as a collection of several HIS (Human Interface Station).
The HIS form is an ordinary computer that can retrieve data from the control
station. Station operators can bring up process variables, control parameters, and
alarms that the user uses to retrieve operating status. Station operators can also
be used to display trend data, messages, and process data.
Control Module:
The control module is the main part of DCS. The control module is the control
center or as the brain of all process control. The control module performs the
computational process of algorithms and runs logical expressions. In general, the
control module is in the form of a black box located in a cabinet or cabinet and
can be found in the control room. Control modules usually use redundant mode to
improve control reliability.
The function of the control module is to take an input variable that will be
controlled. The variable value will be calculated. The results of this calculation
will be compared with the set point. This set point is the value expected of a
process. If the calculation results are different from the set point, the value must
be manipulated so that it reaches the set point. Value manipulation results will be
sent to the input module output and to be delivered to the actuator.
I/O Module
I / O Module is the interface between the control module and the field
instrument. I / O module functions to handle input and output of a process value,
convert signals from digital to analog and vice versa. The input module gets the
value from the transmitter and provides the process value to FCU for processing,
while FCU sends the manipulated value to the output module to be sent to
the actuator. Each instrument field must have an alias on the I / O module. Each
field instrument has a unique name on the I / O Module.
Concept of Distributed Control System:
DCS refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing system, process or
any kind of dynamic system. In DCS controllers are not central in location, but
which are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system
controlled by one or more controllers.
The entire system is connected by a communication network to control and
monitor the system.
The basic architecture of the distributed control system, as shown:
The DCS consists of an operator station, a control station, and a communication system. The
operator station collects data relating to the process operation and can display and
manipulate those data. The control station contains control functions such as for the DDC.
Components of DCS:
The distributed control system (DCS) consists of the four interfaces. The process interface is
the interface between the distributed control system and the plant (i.e., measurement
sensors and final control elements).
Field Control Station:
The control stations receive measurement signals from sensors such as for temperature,
pressure, and flow rate, and perform control calculations in accordance with the deviations
from the setpoint values. Output signals are then sent to the final control element to perform
compensatory actions.
Human Machine Interface station:
The man-machine interface is the interface between the distributed control system and the
operator. It does central monitoring of the plant and permits the operator to perform
operations. The operator console is composed of a powerful microprocessor, CRT, and
keyboard. Many different operations can be carried out by switching displays on
the CRT.
Control sub-interface:
The control sub-system interface connects the distributed control system to other types of
instruments such as the PLC (programmable logic controller) or a composition analyzer to
integrate plant operation.
Communication Bus:
Communication buses are used to communicate between HMI station and control
interface. It permits system build-up and software maintenance in the distributed
control system.
Almost all manufacturer makes the 5 level DCS system. The 5 levels are described below.
Level 0
Level 0 is the field device level. All the field devices such as control valves, transducers,
transmitters etc, are at this level.
Input devices (transmitters etc.) and output devices (control valves, etc.) are
connected to input/output units (I/O units). I/O units convert the 4-20mA or digital
signals to specially coded signals for the Fieldbus. And also converts the coded signal
to 4-20mA.
Level 1
This is the control level. The microcontroller takes data from the Fieldbus to control
individual control loops. At a time more than one can be controlled. All control actions
are to be done with this level.
The data on the Fieldbus contains all the information for each loop input and output.
The CP, using only milliseconds of time, controls each in turn. The PID of each is
separately programmed. To the operator, it looks as if all the loops are controlled at the
same time.
Level 2
This is the plant supervisory unit. All the information about the control loop is displayed
in this unit using Video display unit (VDU).
Large control systems may have many workstations which display the distributed
control units around the plant.
From this unit, an operator can adjust the set point or he can change from manual to
automatic etc.
Level 3
This is the Production control level. The application processors takes some values from
the micro processor and send to Central Control Room (CCR).
Normally, you cannot change control operations from this level. It can only display
information for management overview.
The Applications Processor (AP) takes some of the signals from the CP and puts them
into a digital code (protocol) so that they can be sent over a higher level data highway.
Level 4
This is the production scheduling or Group management level. The group management
level. Some signals for the AP are converted so that they can be sent (by microwave link,
satellite, etc.) to a distant headquarters
The workstation at headquarters can not make changes at plant level. However, the
workstation displays up to date information on production operations for planning
purposes.
 ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM
FAULT TOLERANT:- fast recover without any incorrect actions.

HIGHLY AVAILABLE:- Without Shut Down All System Also Restore Fast

RECOVERABLE : Failed Components Can Rejoined And Detected By The System When Repaired.

CONSISTENT: Always Work If Have Same Problem In A System / Also Act Like Distribution System.

SCALABLE: Easily Increase Networks, Resources System Without Any Different.

PREDICTABLE PERFORMANCE:- Responsiveness In A Timely Manner.

HALTING FAILURE: Components Simply Stop Due To Fault Or Without Any Sending Reason.
Whenever Abnormally Occur And Components Cannot Start And Faulty Condition At The Hmi Or Scada.

FAIL STOP: Notified Before Components Is Stop To Client And Server.

 The network is reliable

 Latency is zero. (beginning of data transfer taking time)
 Bandwidth is infinite.
 The network is secured
 Topology does not change
 The network is homogenous.
TYPES OF FAILURE:

EMISSION FAILURE: no notification of failure is coming due to router overloaded.

NETWORK FAILURE: a network failure due to breaking the network connection from service provider. So
that’s why message becomes loss in this case.

TIMING FAILURE: delay is more so that’s why we cannot detect the problems occur in the plant on time.
 JAZAKALLAH
GOOD TO SEE YOU………