Ancient Period (3000 Greek Period (600 Hindu-Arabian Period (200

B.C. to 260 A.D.) B.C. to 450 A.D.) B.C. to 1250 A.D. )

A. Number Systems and Arithmetic
• Development of numeration systems.
• Creation of arithmetic techniques, lookup tables, the
abacus and other calculation tools.
A. Development and Spread of Hindu-Arabic Numbers
• A numeration system using base 10, positional notation, the zero symbol and
A. Greek Logic and Philosophy
powerful arithmetic techniques is developed by the Hindus, approx. 150 B.C.
• Greek philosophers promote logical, rational explanations of natural
phenomena. to 800 A.D.
• Schools of logic, science and mathematics are established. • The Hindu numeration system is adopted by the Arabs and spread throughout
their sphere of influence (approx. 700 A.D. to 1250 A.D.).
• Mathematics is viewed as more than a tool to solve practical problems;
it is seen as a means to understand divine laws.
B. Preservation of Greek Mathematics
• Mathematicians achieve fame, are valued for their work.
• Arab scholars copied and studied Greek mathematical works, principally in Baghdad.

B. Practical Measurement, Geometry and Astronomy C. Development of Algebra and Trigonometry

• Measurement units devised to quantify distance, area, volume, and • Arab mathematicians find methods of solution for quadratic, cubic and higher degree
B. Euclidean Geometry polynomial equations. The English word “algebra” is derived from the title of an Arabic book
time.
• Geometric reasoning used to measure distances indirectly. • The first mathematical system describing these methods.
based on postulates, theorems and • Hindu trigonometry, especially sine tables, is improved and advanced by Arab mathematicians
• Calendars invented to predict seasons, astronomical events.
• Geometrical forms and patterns appear in art and architecture. proofs appears in Euclid's Elements.

A. Trigonometry and Logarithms

A. Discovery of Greek and Hindu-Arab mathematics
• Greek mathematics texts are translated from Arabic into Latin;
Greek ideas about logic, geometrical reasoning, and a rational
view of the world are re-discovered.
• Arab works on algebra and trigonometry are also translated
into Latin and disseminated throughout Europe.
B. Spread of the Hindu-Arabic numeration system
• Hindu-Arabic numerals slowly spread over Europe
• Pen and paper arithmetic algorithms based on Hindu-
Arabic numerals replace the use the abacus.
Period of Transmission
(1000 AD – 1500 AD)
• Publication of precise trigonometry tables, improvement of
surveying methods using trigonometry, and mathematical
analysis of trigonometric relationships. (approx. 1530 – 1600)
• Logarithms introduced by Napier in 1614 as a calculation
aid. This advances science in a manner similar to the
introduction of the computer.
B. Symbolic Algebra and Analytic Geometry
• Development of symbolic algebra, principally by the
French mathematicians Viete and Descartes
• The cartesian coordinate system and analytic geometry
developed by Rene Descartes and Pierre Fermat (1630 –
1640)
C. Creation of the Calculus
• Calculus co-invented by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. Major
ideas of the calculus expanded and refined by others, especially the
Bernoulli family and Leonhard Euler. (approx. 1660 – 1750).
• A powerful tool to solve scientific and engineering problems, it opened
the door to a scientific and mathematical revolution.
Early Modern Period
(1450 A.D. – 1800 A.D.) Modern Period (1800 A.D. –
Present)
A. Non-Euclidean Geometry
• Gauss, Lobachevsky, Riemann and others develop
alternatives to Euclidean geometry in the 19th century.
D. Computers
• The new geometries inspire modern theories of higher
dimensional spaces, gravitation, space curvature and • Development of electronic computer hardware and
nuclear physics. software solves many previously unsolvable problems;
opens new fields of mathematical research.
B. Set Theory E. Mathematics as a World-Wide Language
• Cantor studies infinite sets and defines transfinite numbers • The Hindu-Arabic numeration system and a common set of
• Set theory used as a theoretical foundation for all of mathematical symbols are used and understood throughout the
mathematics. world.
• Mathematics expands into many branches and is created and
shared world-wide at an ever-expanding pace; it is now too large to
C. Statistics and Probability be mastered by a single mathematician
• Theories of probability and statistics are developed to solve
numerous practical applications, such as weather prediction, polls,
medical studies etc.; they are also used as a basis for nuclear
physics
Group#7 BSN-1B
Members: Pamela Gonzales, Leslie Enriquez, and
Jasmine Yaneza
 Citation:

Nair, R. (2014, September 15). HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS SLIDE PRESENTATION;Resmi. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/resmisnairs/history-of-mathematics-slide-presentationresmi