CHANDIGARH A

Seminar On
UNIVERSITY

EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER

Presented To: Presented By:

Supreet Singh Keshav Raj
Assistant Professor UID: 18MAE1002
Department of Automobile Engineering Master of Engineering (1st Sem.)

Department of Automobile Engineering

 Outline
Points we are going to discuss:

» Introduction
» Principle
» Function
» Types
» Using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer
» Exhaust Gas Analyzer Readings
» Units of Measurement
» Model of Exhaust Gas Analyzer

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 Introduction

An exhaust gas analyser or exhaust CO analyser is

an instrument for the measurement of carbon
monoxide among other gases in the exhaust,
caused by an incorrect combustion.

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Principle

The emission regulations specify the type, principle of operation used and generic construction of the
exhaust gas analyzers which can be employed for emission certification of vehicles and engines.

Table gives the type of analyzers used for measurement of different exhaust gas constituents:

Gas Component Measurement Principle

CO & CO2 NDIR (Non-dispersive infrared)
HC FID (Flame Ionization detector)
NOx CLD (Chemiluminescence detector)

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 CO and CO2 NDIR Analyzers

Beer-Lambert's Law is used for operation of NDIR analyzers by measuring the degree of absorption of infrared (IR)
radiations when they pass through a column of gas. The fraction of incident radiations absorbed is given by:
𝐼
= (1-𝑒 −𝑘∙𝑐∙𝑑 )
𝐼𝑜

Where,
I = Radiation energy absorbed
I0 = Incident radiation energy
k = characteristic absorption constant for the gas (m2 /gmol)
c = concentration of the gas (gmol/m3 )
d = length of the gas column (m)

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 Function

Exhaust Gas Analyzer

» Indicate excessive emissions » Indicate excessive emissions

» Fuel metering problems » Faulty air injection system
» Engine mechanical problems » Evaporative emissions control systems
» Vacuum leaks » Computer control system troubles
» Ignition system problem » Catalytic converter condition
» PCV troubles

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Exhaust gas composition from engine

Fig1: Composition of exhaust gas

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 Types

Exhaust Gas Analyzer

» Two- gas exhaust analyzer » Five- gas exhaust analyzer

• Measures amount of hydrocarbons (HC) and • Measures hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,

carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaust gases carbon dioxide, oxygen and oxides of nitrogen

• Latest and most informative type of exhaust gas

» Four-gas exhaust analyzer
analyzer

• Measure quantity of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon

monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen
(O2) in engine’s exhaust

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 Using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer

1. Calibration
» Zeroing meter scales while sampling clean air with analyzer.

2. Calibration Gas
» Mixing of several gases
» Sample used by newer analyzer to adjust meter reading for accuracy.

3. Plug machine in and allow it to warm up as described by manufacture

4. After warm-up, zero and calibrate analyzer
5. To begin test, install probe in vehicle’s tailpipe
6. In working in enclosed shop, slide probe through hole in shop’s vent hose

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 Exhaust Gas Analyzer Readings
» Exhaust gas analyzer readings determine chemical content of engine’s exhaust gases

» Test readings must be within state- regulated specification for geographic area and vehicle year

» Generally, new vehicles have sticker specifications

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 Hydrocarbons Readings CO Readings

Causes of higher than normal HC readings High carbon monoxide results from
incomplete burning of fuel
» Fuel system malfunction
» Improper ignition timing
Causes of high carbon monoxide readings
» Faulty emission control system
» Engine problems » Fuel system problems
» ECU problems » Emission control system troubles
» Ignition system troubles » Incorrect ignition timing

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 Oxides of Nitrogen Readings CO Readings

» Since oxides of nitrogen are toxic, some state air » Carbon dioxide is by-product of combustion
quality agencies have made exhaust emission produced when one carbon molecules with two
measurements with five- gas analyzer mandatory oxygen molecules in combustion chamber

» Typical causes of high NOx emissions is high » CO2 readings provide for data checking and
combustion chamber temperatures. adjusting air- fuel ratio

» Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels are compared

when evaluating content of engine exhaust

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 Oxygen Readings
» Oxygen needed for catalytic converter to burn HC and CO emissions

» Without oxygen in engine exhaust, exhaust emissions can pass through converter and out tailpipe

» Oxygen level in engine exhaust sample is accurate indicator of vehicle’s air- fuel mixture

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 Units of Measurement
» The gas concentration is measured in PPM (Parts Per Millions)
» Pollutants can be measured in mg/Nm3 . This is mass refer to a volume in normal condition (0°C, 1013 mBar). PPM is
converted in this unit with a coefficient different for each gas.

• Example: CO mg/Nm3 = CO ppm*1.25

» This conversion to an energy related unit can again be done by multiplying a constant which is different for
individual gases (mg/kWh= milligrams per kilowatt-hour of energy)

• Example: CO mg/kWh = CO ppm*1.074

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Model of Exhaust Gas Analyzer

Exhaust Gas Analyzer Using a 4-gas analyser to diagnose vehicle

emissions system problem.mp4

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 References
 http://nptel.ac.in
 http://cambustion.com
 http://ecom.de
 http://manatec.net
 http://en.m.wikipedia.org
 http://eurocats.co.uk

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Thank You
Keshav Raj
+9772188356
kraj1103@hotmail.com