GROUP 9

JAMILANO, CARLOS VIEN C.

ESMERO, DANIELA LYN C.
ARROJO, EMMANUEL
LACSI, KEY B.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PRAYER
ENERGIZER
TOPIC
CHAPTER 9

SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES/STRATEG
IES IN QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH METHOD
EVERRESEARCH ACTIVITY IS SCIENTIFIC PROCESS; HENCE STRICT OR CARRIED OUT
IN ORDER TO AVIOD BIAS.THE DICTIONARY DEFINES BLAS AS INFLUENCE THAT
CAN CAUSE A DISTORTION IN RESEARCH FINDINGS DUE TO AN OVERSIGHT IN
THE INVESTIGATION. THE SELECTION OF A SAMPLE IS GUIDED BY SYSTEMATIC
PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES, WHICH CORNER OF THIS CHAPTER.
THE CONCEPTS OF SAMPLING
ACCORDING TO KUMAR (2011), SAMPING IS THE PROCESS OF
SELECTING A FEW (SAMPLE ) FROM A BIGGER GROUP (THE
POLULATION) TO BECOME A BASIS FOR ESTIMATING OR PREDICTING
THE PREVELANCE OF AN UNKWON [PLACE OF INFORMATION,
SITUATION OR OUTCOME, REGARDING THE BIGGER GROUP.
TWO FACTORS THAT AFFECT MAY INFLUENCE THE DEGREE OF CERTAINTY ABOUT
THE INFLUECE THAT ARE DRAWN FROM A SAMPLE:

1. FINDINGS BASED UPON LARGER SAPLE HAVE MORE CERTAINTY THAN THOSE
BASED ON SMALLER ONES. AS A RULE, ”THE LARGER THE SAMPLE SIZE THE
MORE ACCURATE THE FINDINGS .“
2. THE GREATER THE VARIATION IN THE STUDY POPULATION WITH RESPECT TO
THE CHARACTERISTICS UNDER STUDY FOR A GIVEN SAMPLE SIZE, THE
GREATER THE UNCERTAINTY.

BIAS MUST BE AVIODED IN THE SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE IN ORDER TO

ACHIEVE MAXIMUM PECISION IN ESTIMATES WITHIN A GIVEN SAMPLE SIZE.
EXAMPLE OF BIAS IN THE SELECTION OF A SAMPLE:

1. WHEN SAMPLING INS DONE BY A NON-RANDOM METHOD SUCH AS IF THE

SELECTION IS CONSIOUSLY OR UNCONSIOUSLY INFLUENCED BY A HUMAN
CHOICE;
2. WHEN THE SAMPLIN FRAME (LIST,INDEX OR OTHER POPULATION RECORDS),
WHICH RESEVED AS THE BASIS OF THE SELECTION, DOES NOT COVER THE
SAMPLING POPULATION ACCURATELY ANDCOMPLETELY.
3. WHEN A SECTION OF SAMPLING POPULATIONIS IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND OR
REFUSES TO COOPERATE.

TYPES OF SAMPLING ( KUMAR, 2011)

THE ARE THREE MAJOR TYPES OF SAMPLING DESIGNS:

A. PROBABILITY BSAMPLING

B. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

C. MIXED METHODS SAMPLING

 A. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. RADOM PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN

THIS IS A SAMPLING DESIGN WHEREIN EACH ELEMENT IN THE POPULATION

HAS AN EQUAL AND INDEPENDENT CHANCE OF SELECTION IN THE
SAMPLE.

MAIN ADVANTAGES OF THE RANDOM/ROBABILITY SAMPLES

• AS THEY REPRESENT THE TOTAL SAMPLING POPULATION,THE

INFERENCES DRAWN FROM SUCH SAMPLES CAN BE
GENERALIZED TO THE TOTAL SAMPLING POPULATION.

• SOME STATISTICAL TESTS BASED UPON THE THEORY OF

PROBABILITY CAN BE APPLIED ONLY TO DATA COLLECTED
FROM RANDOM SAMPLES .SOME OF THESE TESTS ARE IMPORTANT
FOR ESTABLISHING CONCLUSIVE CORRELATIONS.
MAIN ADVANTAGE OF THE RANDOM/PROBABILITY SAMPLERS

• AS THEY REPRESENT THE TOTAL SAMPLING POPULATION, THE INFERENCES

DRAWN FROM SUCH SAMPLE CAN BE GENERALIZED TO THE TOTAL
SAMPING POPULATION
• SOME STATISTICAL TEST BASED UPON THEORY OF PROBABILITY CAN BE
APPLIED ONLY TO DATA COLLECTED FROM RANDOM SAMPLES. SOME
OF THESE TEST ARE IMPORTAN FOR ESTABLISHING CONCLUSION
CORRELATIONS.

STEP IN SELECTING A SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE

• DEFINE THE TARGET POPULATION.

• IDENTIFY AN EXSTING SAMPLING FRAME OF THE TARGET POPULATION
OR DEVELOP A NEW ONE.
• ASSIGN A UNIQUE NUBER TO EACH ELEMENT IN FRAME.
• DETERMINE THE SAMPLING SIZE
• RANDOMLY SELECT THE TARGET NUMBER OF POPULATION ELEMENTS.
TECHNIQUES IN DRAWING RANDOM SAMPLES (DANIEL, 2012)

1. LOTTERY METHODS (ALSO KNOWN AS FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE). THE

NUMBERS REPRESENTING EACH ELEMENT IN THE TARGET POPULAATION
ARE PLACE IN A CONTAINER AND THROUGHLY MIXED.

2. TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS. THE NUMBERS IN A TABLE OF RANDOM

NUMBERS ARE NOT ARRANGED IN ANY PARTICULAR PATTERN. SINCE
THIS PROCESS IS TEDIOUS AND TIME CONSUMING, A STATISTICAL
SOFTWARE MAYBE USED FOR LARGE POPULATIONS.

3. RANDOMLY GENERATED NUMBERS USING A COMPUTER PROGRAM (i.e.

RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR). ACTIVATE THE COMPUTER PROGRAM
WITH RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR. KEY IN SPECIFIC RANGE OF
NUMBERS FROM HUNDREDS, THOUSANDS, OR MILLIONS AND
THERANDOM NUMBERS WILL APPEAR….. FROM WHICH YOU WILL PICK
YOUR CHOICES.
2. SATISFIED SAMPLING (SOMETIMES CALLED QOUTA RANDOM SAMPLING)

THIS IS A PROBABILITY SAMPLINWHICH THE TARGET POPULATION IS FIRST

SEPERATED INTO PROCEDURE IN MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, HOMOGENOUS
SEGMENTS (STRATA), AND THEN A SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE IS SELECTED
FROM EACH SEGMENT (STRATUM). THE SAMPLES SELECTED FROM THE
VARIOUS STRATA ARE THEN COMBINED INTO A SIMPLE SAMPLE (DANIEL,
2012).

3. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING (OR INTERVAL RANDOM SAMPLING)

IN THIS SAMPLE PROCEDURE, A RANDOM SELECTION IS MADE OF THE FIRST

ELEMENT FOR THESAMPLE, THE SUBSQUENT ELEMENTS ARE SELECTED USING
A FIXED OR SYSTEMATIC INTERVAL UNTIL THE DESIRED SAMPLE SIZE IS
REACHED.

4. CLUSTER SAMPLING

THIS IS A PROBABILITY SAMPLING PROCEDURE WHEREIN ELEMENTS OF THE

POPULATION ARE RANDOMLY SELECTED IN NATURALLY OCCURING
GROUPINGS OR CLUSTER.
 B. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGNS ARE :
AVAILABILITY SAMPLING PURPOSIVE SAMPLING , QOUTA SAMPLING, AND
RESPONDENT-ASSISTED SAMPLING (DANIEL, 2O12)

2. PURPOSE SAMPLING

THIS IS A NON-PROBABABILTY SAMPLING PROCEDURE IN WHICH THE

ELEMENTS ARE SELECTED FROM THE TARGET POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR FIT WITH THE PURPOSE S OF THE STUDY AND SPECIFIC INCLUSION AND
EXCLUSION CRITERIA.

3 QOUTA SAMPLING

THIS IS A TYPE OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING PROCEDURE IN WHICHTHE

POPULATION IS DIVIDED INTO MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE SUBCATEGORIES UNTIL
A TARGET NUMBER OF ELEMENTS TO BE SAMPLED FROM THE
SUBCATEGORIES HAVE BEEN MET.
4. RESPONDENTS-ASSISTED SAMPLING

IN THIS SAMPLING PROCEDURE, THE ELEMENTS ARE SELECTED FROM A

TARGET POPULATION WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF PREVIOUSLY
SELECTEDPOPULATION ELEMENTS. THIS SAMPLING PROCEDURE IS OFTEN
USED IN STUDYING SOCIAL NETWORKS, RARE POPULATION, AND HIDDEN
POPULATIONSSUCH AS DRUG DEALERS AND USERS AND OTHER CRIMINAL
OR COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS, ETC.
 C. MIXED-METHODS SAMPLING

THIS IS A SAMPLING METHOD THAT COMBINES DIFFERENT TYPES OF

SAMPLING METHOD INTO A SINGLE DESIGN. THIS SUPPORTED BY THE IDEA
THAT THE WEAKNESSES OF ONE METHOD MAY BE COMPENSATED BY THE
STRENGTHS OF THE OTHER METHOD THAT IS USED. THE USED OF MIXED
METHODS RESEARCH DESIGNSWAS SPURRED BY THE APPLICATION OF TWO
KEY CONCEPTS. “MULTI METHOD, MULTI-TRAIT MATRIX AND
TRIANGULATION” WHICH WERE INTRODUCED BY CAMPBELL & FISKE IN
1959 (MULTI-METHOD-MULTI-TRAIT) AND THE FOUR TYPES OF
TRIANGULATION BY DENZIN (2009); “DATA TRIANGULATION, METHOD
LOGICAL TRIANGULATION. INVESTIGATOR TRIANGULATION AND THEORY
TRIANGULATION” (IN DANIEL, 2012).

1. AVAILABILTY SAMPLING

UNDER THIS SAMPLING DESIGN, THE CONVINIENCE OF THE RESEARCHER,

AND/ OR VOLUNTARY/ SELF SELECTION. ACCORDING TO DANIEL (2012).
AVAILABILITY SAMPLING IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED SAMPLING
PROCEDURE IN RESEARCH.
2. WEB-BASED SAMPLING

IN THIS SAMPLING PROCEDURE, EMAIL ADRESSES, WEBSITE VISITS, AND

RECRUITED USERS OF THE INTERNET ARE UTELIZED AS SAMPLING UNITS.
THERE THREE CATEGORIES WEB-BASED SAMPLING NAMELY: LIST-BASED
SAMPLING, SAMPLING OF WEBSITE VISITS, AND SAMPLING
FROMRECRUITED PANELS OF POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH
PROJECTS.

3. ADRESS-BASED SAMPLING (ABS)

IN THIS KIND OF SAMPLING PROCEDURES, POSTAL ADRESSES ARE UTILIZED

AS SAMPLING UNITS. THE ABS SAMPLING IS USED MOSTLY IN NATIONAL
SURVEYS.

4. THREE BASED SAMPLING

UNITS OF TIME ARE USED AS SAMPLING UNITS IN THIS TYPE OF SAMPLING.

THIS IS USED INSTUDYING REPEATED OUTCOMES THAT VARY A GREAT DEAL
OVER TIME. THE UNITS OF TIME INTERVALS MAY BE TIME OF DAY, DAYS OF
WEEK, MONTHS OF THE YEAR, OR SOME OTHER TIME UNITS. THE LENGTH OF
THE INTERVAL WOULD DEPEND IN PART ON THE RATE OF OCCURRENCE OF
WHAT IS TO BE OBSERVED.
SUBTYPES OF TIME-BASED SAMPLING ACCORDING TO
DANIEL (2012) ARE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD;
EVENTS SAMPLING METHODDOLOGY; AND THE USE OF
TIME BY EMPLOYEES, EQUIPMENT, AND FACILITIES, KNOWN
AS WORK SAMPLING.

5. SPACE BESED SAMPLING

THIS REFERS TO A SET OF SAMPLING PROCEDURES THAT

UTELIZE SPACE AS A SAMPLING UNIT. THIS TYPE OF
SAMPLING IS ALSO REFFERED TO AS AREA SAMPLING,
SPATIAL SAMPLING, LOCATION-BASED SAMPLING, VENUE-
BASED SAMPLING AND FACILITY-BASED SAMPLING.
(DANIEL, 2012).
THANK YOU
AND GOD
BLESS!