INFLUENCE OF “BARKADA”

• “BARKADA” HAS GENERALLY POSITIVE INFLUENCE TO STUDENTS.

• BUT ACCORDING TO CONACO, JIMENEZ AND BILLEDO (2003), IT CAN ALSO BE VIEWED AS A POTENTIAL
SOURCE OF NEGATIVE INFLUENCE AND SOURCE OF TROUBLE SUCH AS THE FOLLOWING:
• BEING MATAKAW (GLUTTON)
• BEING MAINGAY (NOISY)
• BEING MAGULO (BOISTEROUS)
 WHAT IS AGGRESSION?
IN PSYCHOLOGY, THE TERM AGGRESSION REFERS TO A RANGE OF BEHAVIORS
THAT CAN RESULT IN BOTH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM TO
YOURSELF, OTHERS, OR OBJECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS TYPE OF
BEHAVIOR CENTERS ON HARMING ANOTHER PERSON EITHER PHYSICALLY OR
MENTALLY.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGRESSION
• HOSTILE AGGRESSION VS. INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
• PHYSICAL AGGRESSION (DIRECT AND OVERT) VS. INDIRECT
AGGRESSION
• RELATIONAL AGGRESSION
• SELF-INSTIGATED AGGRESSION VS. RETALIATORY
AGGRESSION
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGRESSION
HOSTILE AGGRESSION VS. INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
1. HOSTILE AGGRESSION IS A FORM OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR WHICH COMES FROM ANGER WITH AN INTENTION
OF INJURING ANOTHER THAT IS WHY IT IS ALSO CALLED AS ANGRY AGGRESSION. (EX. STEPHEN IS SHOWING
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR WITH THE INTENTIONS OF KICKING PRINCESS BECAUSE HE’S ANGRY WITH HER)
2. INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION IS DONE JUST TO ACHIEVE THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE PERSON COMMITING
THIS TYPE OF AGGRESSION. (EX. STEPHEN IS ROBBING THE STORE BUT PRINCESS, THE SECURITY CAME IN AND
STEPHEN SHOOT HER). STEPHEN DOESN’T WANT TO KILL THE SECURITY BUT IN ORDER TO SUCCESFULLY ROB THE
STORE, HE HAS TO KILL PRINCESS.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGRESSION
•PHYSICAL AGGRESSION (DIRECT AND OVERT) VS.
INDIRECT AGGRESSION
1. PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS DIRECT OR OVERT TYPE OF AGGRESSION. IT MANIFESTS THROUGH DIRECTLY
HITTING, KICKING, PUNCHING AND ETC. WITH THE INTENTIONS OF HURTING THE VICTIMS PHYSICALLY. (EX.
STEPHEN KICKS PRINCESS WHILE THEY ARE HAVING THE FLAG CEREMONY).
2. INDIRECT AGGRESSION IS DONE WHEN THE AGGRESSOR’S IDENTITY IS NOT KNOWN. (EX. STEPHEN
BURNED DOWN THE WHOLE SPACE STATION).
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGRESSION
•RELATIONAL AGGRESSION
THIS HAPPENS WHEN A PERSON INTERFERES WITH THE OTHER PERSON’S ABILITY TO
RELATE WITH OTHERS.
(EX. STEPHEN SPREADS RUMORS THAT PRINCESS HAS A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE).
THIS PREVENTS PRINCESS FROM MAKING FRIENDS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT BE AFRAID OF
HER ALLEDGED DISEASE).
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGRESSION
•SELF-INSTIGATED AGGRESSION VS. RETALIATORY
AGGRESSION
1. SELF-INSTIGATED AGGRESSION HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS NO PROVOCATION. (EX. STEPHEN VOLUNTARILY
SLAPS PRINCESS). STEPHEN IS BULLYING PRINCESS IN THIS EXAMPLE.
2. RETALIATORY AGGRESSION HAPPENS WHEN AN ATTACK IS MADE DUE TO PROVOCATION. (EX. STEPHEN
SLAPS PRINCESS BECAUSE SHE KEEPS ON INSISTING THE STEPHEN HAS A CRUSH ON HER).
 C AUSES OR EXPLANATIONS
•AGGRESSION IS BIOLOGICAL
•AGGRESSION DUE TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
•AGRESSION DUE TO RESPONSE OF FRUSTRATION
•AGRESSION IS A LEARNED SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
 C AUSES OR EXPLANATIONS
•AGGRESSION IS BIOLOGICAL
A STUDY HAS LINKED TESTOSTERONE LEVELS TO AGGRESSION. IT
STATED THAT MALES ARE PRONE TO AGGRESSION THAN FEMALES
DUE TO MALES’ TESTOSTERONE LEVELS (DABBS, 1992; DABBS,
CARR, FRADY AND DE RIAD, 1995)
 C AUSES OR EXPLANATIONS
•AGGRESSION DUE TO THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIORISM THEORIES, PEOPLE TEND TO BE AGGRESSIVE
BECAUSE OF THE VARIOUS TRIGGERING STIMULUS AROUND THEM. FOR
THEM, PEOPLE BECOMES AGGRESSIVE ONLY WHEN THEY ARE TRIGGERED BY
THE PEOPLE OR CIRCUMSTANCES AROUND THEM.
 C AUSES OR EXPLANATIONS
•AGRESSION DUE TO RESPONSE OF
FRUSTRATION
ACCORDING TO MILLER (1941) , FRUSTRATIONS PRODUCE
DIFFERENT REACTIONS AND ONE OF THOSE IS AGGRESSION. IF
WE ARE BLOCKED IN ACHIEVING OUR GOALS, WE BECOME
AGGRESSIVE JUST FOR TWO REASONS; TO ACHIEVE OUR GOALS
AND TO BE ANGRY BECAUSE WE CAN DO NOTHING ABOUT IT.
 C AUSES OR EXPLANATIONS
•AGRESSION IS A LEARNED SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR
AGGRESSION IS REINFORCED THROUGH AWARDING AND
PUNISHMENT. IF AN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IS AWARDED, A PERSON
LEARNS THAT IT IS DESIRABLE BECAUSE HE WAS REINFORCED. BUT
IF IT’S PUNISHED, IT IS OTHERWISE. VICARIOUS LEARNING ALSO
MATTER. WHEN SOMEONE OBSERVES ANOTHER PERSON IS BEING
REWARDED FOR HIS/HER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, HE WILL COPY IT.
 AGGRESSION AT SCHOOL
•BULLYING AND HAZING
1. BULLYING IS AN INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOR THAT HURTS, HARMS, OR HUMILIATES A STUDENT, EITHER PHYSICALLY
OR EMOTIONALLY, AND CAN HAPPEN WHILE AT SCHOOL, IN THE COMMUNITY, OR ONLINE. BULLIES AT SCHOOL
TEND TO AGGRESSIVELY HURT THEIR VICTIMS BECAUSE OF THEIR DISABILITIES, APPEARANCE, GENDER AND
RACE.
2. HAZING IS BEST EXPLAINED THROUGH SOCIAL REPRESENTATION (SR). SR IS ANY VALUE, IDEA OR PRACTICE
THAT DO NOT RESIDE ON SOMEONE’S HEAD BUT IS PRESENT IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.
(EX. MEMBERS OF FRATERNITIES AND SORORITIES DO NOT THINK OF HAZING BUT IT IS PRESENT IN THEIR
SOCIETY (ORGANIZATION).
 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION

FOR FILIPINOS, AGGRESSION DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFIC AGGRESSIVE ACTION AND THE GENDER OF THE
PERCEIVER. THE FOLLOWING ARE COMMON FEMALE ATTRIBUTES OF FILIPINAS WHICH FILIPINOS SEE AS
AGGRESSION IN SOME SORT:
1. PALADABOG (ALWAYS THROW TANTRUMS BY THROWING ANYTHING OR MAKING NOISES BY HAND OR
FEET.
2. PALATSISMIS (GOSSIPING) AND PALAAWAY (TROUBLE-MAKER)