Professional Documents
Culture Documents
University of Mindanao
Matina, Davao City, 8000
– Arctic Circle
– Robinsons Projection – relative sizes more
accurately; useful for making comparisons between
– Antarctic Circle places on earth
– Longitudes • Types of Maps according to usage:
– Prime Meridian – Political Map
– International Date Line (IDL) – Physical Map
– Grids – Economic Map
– Climate Map
5 Themes of Geography
• Location
• Place
• Human-Environment Interaction
• Movement
• Regions
Location
Where are we?
• Absolute Location • Relative Location
– A latitude and longitude (global – Described by landmarks, time,
location) or a street address (local direction or distance. From one
location). place to another.
– Paris France is 48o North – Go 1 mile west on main street
Latitude and 2o East and turn left for 1 block.
Longitude.
– The White House is located at
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Place
What is it like there, what kind of place is it?
• Human • Physical
Characteristics Characteristics
– What are the main languages, – Landforms (mountains, rivers,
customs, and beliefs. etc.), climate, vegetation, wildlife,
soil, etc.
– How many people live, work, and
visit a place.
Human-Environment Interaction
• How do humans and the environment affect each other?
– We depend on it.
– People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation.
– We modify it.
– People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
– We adapt to it.
– We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.
Movement
• How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to place?
– Human Movement
– Trucks, Trains, Planes
– Information Movement
– Phones, computer (email), mail
– Idea Movement
– How do fads move from place to place?
TV, Radio, Magazines
Regions
• How are Regions similar to and different from other places?
– Formal Regions
– Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries,
Cities)
– Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region,
Chinatown).
– Functional Regions
– Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area).
– Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
– Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)
Remembering the 5 themes
• If you can’t remembering what they are
just ask MR. HELP!!!
– M – Movement
– R – Regions
– HE – Human Environment interaction
– L – Location
– P - Place
Philippine Geography/ Facts
• Mt. Apo, Tri-boundaries of Davao City, North Cotabato and Davao del
Sur – highest peak
• Mt. Dulang-dulang, Bukidnon – 2nd highest Peak
• Sierra Madre – longest Mountain Range, from Cagayan to Quezon
• Philippine Deep – deepest depths
• Luzon – largest Island, Mindanao- 2nd Largest Island- Most Populated
• Davao City – largest City, Puerto Princesa City – 2nd Largest City
• Pearl of the King – largest Pearl (9 kilos)
• As of 2014, Philippine Population estimated: 105 Million people, 2nd
in Southeast Asia and 12th in the World
• Manila – (May Nilad) Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad, The
Distinguished and Ever Loyal City) Capital City – June 24, 1571(ML.
Legaspi) July 17, 1948 (PD 940)
• Quezon City – (Largest City in the Philippines-according to
Population) Capital City (July 17, 1948-June 14, 1976 / RA 333)
• Cebu City – oldest city (San Miguel, Ciudad de Santisimo Nombre de
Jesus, City of Most Holy Name of Jesus)
• Rio Grande de Cagayan/ Cagayan River – largest and longest river
• Rio Grande de Mindanao – 2nd Largest and longest river
• Famous Volcanoes/ Mountains:
– Mt. Mayon - Albay (Region 5)
– Mt. Hibok-hibok – Camiguin (Region 10)
• Mt. Canlaon between 2 Negros provinces • 17 Regions
(Region 6 & 7)
• National Capital Region (16
• Mt. Taal – Batangas (Region 4a)
cities and 1 municipality)
• Mt. Banahaw – Quezon province (Region 4a)
• ARRM – Autonomous
• Mt. Bulusan – Sorsogon (Region 5) Region of Muslim Mindanao
• Mt. Pinatubo – Zambales (Region 3) • CAR – Cordillera
• Mt. Musuan- Valencia City, Bukidnon (Region Administrative Region
10)
• 81 – Provinces (Dinagat
• Mt. Iriga – Camarines Sur (Region 5) Islands, Davao Occidental
• Mt. Iraya – Batanes (Region 2) (Malita) RA 10363
• Energy
– Maria Cristina Falls (Hydro-electric)
– Dams
– Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant
• Scenic Beauties and Natural • Man-made Wonders
Wonders – Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte
– Subterranean River National Park, – Aguinaldo Shrine, Cavite
Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
– Rizal Shrine, Laguna
– Mt. Apo, Davao
– Vigan Colonial Houses, Ilocos Sur
– Chocolate Hills in Bohol
– Malacañan Palace, Manila
– Mt. Haguimitan in Davao Oriental
– Barasoain Church, Bulacan
– Hundred Islands in Pangasisnan
– Corregidor Is., Cavite
– Mt. Mayon in Albay
– Death March Marker, Tarlac
– Banaue Rice Terraces in Benguet
– Fort Santiago, Manila
– Boracay Island, Panay Is.
– Magellan Marker, Lapu-lapu, Cebu
– Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna
– Rizal Monument, Manila
– Taal Volcano, Batangas
– Lapu-Lapu Monument, Mactan, Cebu
– Magellan’s Cross, Cebu
Social Environment
• Population (2014) – 105 Million (12th in the World and 2nd in Southeast Asia)
• Social Classes: Rich, Middle Class and Lower Class (present time)
• Filipino Characters:
– Fatalism (Bahala na)
– Sensitive about their honor and reputation (self-pride)
– Smooth relations with their relatives, friends and colleagues (pakikisama)
– Lack of Discipline
– Hiya (Shame)
– Lack perseverance (Ningas cogon)
– Mañana Habit
– Hospitable
– Liberty-loving people
– Gratitude (Utang na loob)
– Cooperative (Bayanihan)
– Hard Work
– Durability and Resiliency
– Kanya-kanya
• Regional Traits
– Ilocanos: are the most adventurous, hardworking, and frugal
– Tagalog: feel superior to other Filipinos because they live in a region blessed
with rich farm lands and navigable rivers and panoramic beauties and their
participation in history
– Bicolanos: are religious, mild-tempered and musical people
– Bisayans: particularly those from Ilo-ilo are extravagant, carefree and jolly
– Muslim Filipinos: are fierce and valiant warriors on both land and sea
• Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom
• Led by kings under the title "Lakan" and ruled a large part of what is now
known as Luzon from or possibly before 900 AD to 1571.
• It grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in
pre-colonial Philippines
• Due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as
China and Japan.
The Rajahnate of Butuan
• 1011AD Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the Indianized
Rajahnate of Butuan, a maritime-state famous for its goldwork sent a
trade envoy under ambassador Likan-shieh to the Chinese Imperial
Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states.
• The request being approved, it opened up direct commercial links with
the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing
the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals the
Dynasty of Tondo and the Champa civilization
• Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan
Silver Paleograph.
The Rajahnate of Cebu
• The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to
exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish.
• It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda
Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which happened to
occupy Sumatra.
• He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary
forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established
his own independent Rajahnate instead.
• This rajahnate warred against the 'magalos' (Slave traders) of
Maguindanao and had an alliance with the Butuan Rajahnate before it
was weakened by the insurrection of Datu (Lord) Lapulapu.
The Confederation of Madja-as
• During the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of
Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the
Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo.
• Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito
chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named
it the Confederation of Madja-as centered in Aklan and they settled the
surrounding islands of the Visayas.
• This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign
the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas.
• Tattoos – to enhance their bodily beauty and to show their war record
• House:
– Batalan – where jars of water were kept for household purposes
– Bahay Kubo
• Amusements: carabao races, – Folk Dances:
wrestling, fencing, boat races, and – Kumintang (Love Dance),
stone-throwing contest, banquets to – Dandansoy (Bisayan Tuba Dance),
celebrate good harvests – Kinnotan (Ilocano Ant Dance) ,
– the Silbay (Ilocano reed flute) and – Bactal (Tagbanua death song),
• Trade Partners
– Blood compact called sanduguan was concluded between the contracting
parties to seal a treaty of friendship and alliance
– Orang Dampuans or Men from Champa in Southern Annam – established
trading post in Sulu and since then, trade between Sulu and Southern Annam
flourished
– Men of Banjars – Made Sulu became one of the chief trading centers in the
region
– Sri Vijaya – founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, powerful empire arose in
the city of Palembang located in Sumatra, Indonesia. Mahayana Tantric Buddhist
Kingdom and the greatest maritime empire in Southeast-asia. Made Sulu one of
the flourishing trade centers
– Madjapahit Empire – greatest Javanese empire. Founded by Raden Wijaya
(reigned 1293-1309). Under Hayam Wuruk the empire reached its zenith,
claiming sovereignty over Indonesia (now). It was a Hindu or Indian in culture.
Factors triggered the Age of
Exploration
• Rise to Power of the Islamic Empire
– Muslims took control the major trade routes from the famous Silk (Central Asia)
– Indian Ocean and the Moluccas – Muslims gained the monopoly of all Asian
products
– Only Venetian Merchants are allowed to use the Indian Ocean route
• Renaissance Period
– A revival of learning and renewed interest in wordly matters/Religious Matters
(1400-1600)
– New ideas are introduced that change almost entirely all of European society
– Belief that the world is flat
– Technological progress began
• The Medieval Travelers
– Marco Polo from Venice Italy – the most famous European visitor to the Mongol court
in China.
• The Crusades
– A military expedition to recover Jerusalem and other places of pilgrimage in Palestine
Council of Indies
Spanish Viceroy in
Mexico
Spanish
Archbishop Spanish Governor
Royal Audiencia
General in Manila
Pueblos
Parish Priests (Towns/Municipalities)
Gobernadorcillos
• Council of Indies
– Was mandated by the king to appoint the head of colonial government
Royal Audiencia (1583)
• First president – Governor General Santiago de Vera.
• Oidores- chief ministers
Duties:
• 1. Judicial – tried the cases from the lower courts
• 2. Executive – can be able to be the Governor General if there is
vacancy in the seat of Governor General
• 3. Legislative- can make laws which under the agreement with the
Governor General
• Will audit the over-all spending of the Government
Residencia and Visitador
• Residencia
– was an investigation of an official conducted at the end of his term
– Officials found guilty of public misconduct were penalized either with imposition of
heavy fines, sequestration of property, imprisonment or dismissal form office
• Visitador/ Visita
– Was conducted without any previous notice
– Very rarely done, the visitador general was sent to the colony with the power to
investigate the governor and other high officials
.
Local Government
• Provincial Level – They managed the day-to-day
operations of the provincial
– Alcaldias (Province) headed by government Implemented laws
Alcalde Mayor and
– Alcale Mayor - Salary of Php – supervised the collection of taxes
300.00/ month
– Though they were paid a small
salary, they enjoyed privileges
• Unpacified area such as the
– Corregimientos headed by
– Indulto de Comercio or the right
Corregidores (Mariveles, Mindoro
to participate in the galleon trade.
and Panay)
– Duties: • Reduccion - One of the major
processes of pacification through
– They represented the Spanish king conversion. It was the system of
and the Governor-General gathering the converts into a cabecera.
• Towns / Municipalities • Any native or Chinese meztizo 25
years old Literate in oral or written
– Pueblos (Municipalities) headed
spanish Cabeza de Barangay for 4
by Gobernadorcillos or Little
years Ex: Emilio Aguinaldo
Governor
– MAIN DUTIES: Efficient Barrio/ Barangay
governance and taxcollection.
– Four lieutenants aided the - Barangays headed by Cabezas de
Gobernardorcillo: Barangay (Tax Collector for
– Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant), Gobernadorcillos)
- Responsible for the peace and
– Teniente de Policia (police
order of the barrio
lieutenant),
- Recruited men for public works
– Teniente de Sementeras - QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas
(lieutenant of the fields) should be literate in Spanish Have
– They had small salaries but were good moral character and property
exempted from paying taxes Cabezas who served for 25 years
qualifications
• The positions of Gobernadorcillos and Cabeza de Barangay were
given to the Filipinos particularly the former Datus
• City
– Ayuntamiento or Cabildo headed by the Alcalde
– Cebu, Manila, Nueva Segovia (Cagayan), Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva
Caceres (Camarines Sur), Ilo-ilo, Jaro, Arevalo (Ilo-ilo)
– It became the center of trade and industry
– The Ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO
– Cabildo is composed of:
– Alcalde (MAYOR)
– Regidores (COUNCILORS)
– Alguacil Mayor (POLICE CHIEF)
– Escribando (SECRETARY)
Power of the Parish Priest
– Tax Collector
Philippine Territory
– Preacher
– Confessor • 333 years under Spain
– Registrar of deeds, births, marriages and deaths
– Election Inspector • Territory includes:
– Law Enforcer – The island archipelagoes of Guam,
• Union of Church and State Marianas, the Carolines and the
Palaus in the South Pacific were
• Archbishops became a acting Governor-General in included in Philippine territory
times of vacancy
– Most of Mindanao and Sulu were
• Archbishops – the highest leader of Church in the excluded
Philippines
– Interior mountain regions of Luzon
• Bishops – Second highest leader of the Church and Visayas were also excluded
• Propagation of Catholic Faith: Augustinians,
Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, and Recollects
Spanish Heritage
• Catholicism – Spain’s Greatest Legacy – Wheat
• 1578- 1st Hospital was founded in Manila – Beef
– San Juan de Dios and the San Lazaro – Mutton (from lamb)
Hospital
– Sausages
• Spain introduced new food plants like: – Ham
– Corn
– Sardines
– Potatoes
– Coffee • Spoons, forks, table knives, napkins,
– Cacao crystal drinking glasses
– Cabbage • Drinks: Beer, Cognac, Port, Sangria
– Sigarillas
– Chicos • Clothing: Western Coat, Americana,
– Guavas Saya, Camisa
• Filipino Women in Spanish Time:
– Respected and honored by men
– They attended dances and other social events
– Young women were kept in the home or school “colegios”
• A New Calendar:
– Western Calendar
– Gov. General Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar on August 16, 1844 he
ordered that Tuesday, December 31, 1844 would be Wednesday, January 1,
1845
• Spanish Language:
– Mesa, Silla, Oras, Campana, etc.
• Western Education under Spain:
– Elementary, Secondary and College
– Religion is the main focused education
– Subject were taught in Elementary: reading, writing, arithmetic, catechisms and
good moral/ values
– School for Boys:
– Colegio de San Ignacio became the Ateneo Municipal,
– Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) and
– Colegio-Seminario de San Jose in Maynila (1601)
– School for Girls:
– Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1594)- 1st School for Girls,
– Beaterio de la Compana de Jesus (1694),
– Colegio de Sta. Catalina (1696),
– Colegio de Sta. Rosa (1750),
– Colegio dela Concordia at Convento dela Asuncion,
– Colegio de Sta. Isabel- oldest school for Girls in present
• Subject were taught: Music, Cooking, Sewing, Painting, Embroidery, Doctrina Cristiana,
Spanish Language, History and Mathematics
• Literature:
– Urbana at Felisa by Father Modesto de Castro.
– Poetry and Plays - Jose dela Cruz or Huseng Sisiw and Francisco Baltazar
– Awit (Heroic Poems), Corridos (Religious-legendary poems)
– Don Juan Tenorio, Ibong Adarna and Bernanrdo Carpio
– Florante at Laura – Balagtas (Balagtasan)
– El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere
• Theatre:
– Western Style plays performed on stage by live actors
– Cenaculo - this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and
death of Jesus Christ
– Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a
presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.
– Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine
towns.
– The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love,
hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political problem
– Moro-moro - is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town
fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion.
• Music: • Science:
– Manila Observatory- Federico Faura
– Cariñosa, Surido, Pandanggo, Jota
– Anacleto V. del Rosario became the first Filipino
director of Manila Laboratory in 1888 – Prince of
• Houses and Villages: Filipino Chemists
– Central Plaza
• Fiestas and Amusements:
– Bahay na bato – Cockfighting
– Patio and Azotea – Manila Lottery
• Arts: • Character Traits Influenced by Spaniards:
– Damian Domingo- father of Filipino – Christian Devotion
Painters – Delicadeza (Honor)
– Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion – won – Palabra de Honor (good manners)
international fame with their paintings in – Romanticism
National Exposition in Madrid in 1883
– Mañana Habit
– Spolarium of Juan Luna
– Sentimentalism
– Romanesque & Gothic
– Siesta
– Doric, Ionian, Corinthian, Graeco-Roman, – Señorito Habit
Byzantine, and Baroque
– Aristocracy
Social Classes
• Principalia – made up of the kinship of the
ancient datus, nobility, encomenderos, Peninsulares
teachers and othr professionals and local
officials
• Masses – ordinary citizens Insulares
• Middle Class or the Ilustado
• Peninsulares – Pure Spnaish blood born in Ilustrados
Spain
• Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood boin in the
Philippines Chinese Mestizos
• Illustrados – Filipinos studies Abroad
• Chinese Mestizos – mixed races of Indios
Chinese, Filipino and Spnaish
• Indios – the native Filipinos
Social Stratification
Economic Life Under Spain
• Encomienda: • Polo or Force Labor:
– was the money from the tribute upon certain
conquered territory – All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old
– It was given by the King to a Spanish were forced to work for the government
conquistador as reward for his services – At first, it lasted for 40 days and reduced to
– 1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the 15 days in 1884
Philippines
– Due to abuses, it was abolished in 16th – Polistas of (force laborers)
Century – Build schools, roads and bridges
• Tribute: – Filipino Men can buy their Force Labor
– Was the residence tax paying called Falla
– Each family paid one peso per year
• Bandala:
– A single person paid one-half peso
– Can be paid in Cash or in good – An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino
farmers who were required to sell their
– It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax
products to the government
• Sanctorium • Introduction of New Industries
– A tax of three reales was collected by the – Cattle-ranching, making of candles and
government but turned over to the soap, sugar, tobacco
Church
• Economic Society and the Royal
• Abolition of Slavery Company
• Galleon Trade and Subsidy from – Sent the first shipment of indigo (dye) to
Europe
Mexico
– Imported new seeds and machinery from
– Manila-Acapulco Trade the United States to help farmers
– It ended in 1815 – King Charles III founded the Royal
– Real Subsidy (real situado) Company of the Philippines
– Php 250,000.00 • Rise of Banks
• Introduction of New Plants and – Obras Pias (Good Works System)
Animals – First Bank was founded by Francisco
– Corn, coffee, cacao, beans, achuete, Rodriguez
maguey, peanuts, chico and papaya – Oldest existing bank in the Philippines is
– Sheep, carabaos, ducks, geese and the Bank of the Philippine Islands
better breeds of chickens and roosters
• Tobacco Monopoly • -
– Founded by Governor General Jose
Basco y Vargas in 1782.
– Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra,
Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque
– It was abolished by Governor General
Primo de Rivera
• Propaganda Movements
– La Solidaridad – founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena and 1st Editor (1889) and
purchased by Marcel H. Del Pilar
– La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose P. Rizal (Noli Me Tangere/ Touch Me Not and
El Filibusterismo/ The Reign of Greed)
• Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (KKK) founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 at
Azcarrga St. (Claro M. Recto Avenue, Tondo, Manila)
– Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
– To fight for Philippine Independence
– Civic. Moral and Political
• Government:
– Supreme Council (Central Government)
– Provincial Council
– Popular Council
– Judicial Council
• Members:
– 1st Grade (Katipon) – Anak ng Bayan
– 2nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za
– 3rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal
• Literature of Katipunan:
– Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)
– Kartilla (E. Jacinto)
– Kalayaan (E. Jacinto) Official Newspaper of KKK
– A la Patria (E. Jacinto)
• Discovery of Katipunan
– Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the plot
– Honoria told to a Visayan Nun everything
– Visayan Nun told everything to Father Mariano Gil
Philippine Revolution
• Cry of Pugadlawin- August 26, 1896
• Causes of the Revolution
– Abuses of Spanish Officials and priests
– Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen
– Filipinos desire to regain their freedom
– Discovery of KKK
• First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte on Sunday August 30,
1896
• Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in 8
provinces: Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Tarlac,
Manila and Nueva Ecija
• Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio
• Magdiwangs (Bonifacio) and Magdalos (Aguinaldo)
• Tejeros Assembly: March 22, 1897 – wanted to settle controversy between two
factions.
– They elect officials representing the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
– Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President
– Andres Bonifacio Elected as Interior Secretary
– But Daniel Tirona protested on Bonifacio’s elections
– Bonifacio declared the election is null and void
• Death of Bonifacio: Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to imprison Andres Bonifacio and his
brothers
• The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and his brother Procopio and
sentenced to die
• But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life imprisonment.
• But he was pressured to cancel that order and to execute Bonifacio
• May 10, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by Aguinaldo’s soldiers under the
command of Major Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon
• Biak-na-Bato Republic
– San Miguel, Bulacan
– Made a Constitution copied the Cuban Constitution (Isabelo Artacho and Felix
Ferrer)
– Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno of the
Philippine Government)
– Exile of E. Aguinaldo
– Spain pay an amount of Php 800,000 to be given in three installments- Php 400,000-
upon the departure of Aguinaldo, Php 200,000 – the surrender of arms and Php
200,000 amnesty to the rebels
– Additional Php 900,000 would be given to Civilian Filipinos affected by the revolution
• The Battle of Manila Bay –Americans won over Spanish Navy (May
01, 1898) Lead by Admiral Patricio Montojo of Spain and Admiral
George Dewey of USA
• The Return of Aguinaldo –McCullough Dewey’s dispatch ship and
arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898. Aguinaldo and Dewey agreed to
fight together the Spaniards
• Dictatorial Government was declared by Emilio Aguinaldo lasted from
May 24, 1898.
• Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 ay Kawit,
Cavite
• Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the Philippine
Independence
• The Philippine Flag also displayed and the Philippine National Anthem
was played
Second Revolutionary Government – declared as Aguinaldo’s adviser
Apolinario Mabini advised Pres. Aguinaldo – June 23, 1898
– Mabini issued a decree of June 23 for the creation of Congress to draft the
Philippine Constitution
– Reorganization of the Government in Provinces
Surrender of Spain
• Governor General Fermin Jaudenes and Wesley Meritt agreed for a
Mock Battle and Spain paid by USA of Php 20 Million US Dollar in
Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898
Women of the Revolution
– Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora – Grand old Woman of Balintawak, Mother of
Katipunan
– Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of Cavite
– Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of Santa Cruz, Laguna
– Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of Visayas
– Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-na-Bato
– Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay
– Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo
– Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the Philippine National Flag
• Periodicals of Revolution
– El Heraldo dela Revolution
– Indice Official / Gaceta DE Filipinas
– La Independencia – Antonio Luna
– La Republica Filipina – Pedro Paterno
– La Libertad – Jose Zulueta
– Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan
– El Nuevo Dia – Sergio Osmeña
– El Pueblo – Vicente Sotto
Spanish Governor Generals of the
Philippines
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1st Governor • Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Introduced the
General of the Philippines Liberalism in the Philippines
• Guido de Lavesares – 2nd Governor General
of the Philippines • Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biak-
na-Bato Pact
• Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – 1st
Archbishop- Gov. General • Emilio y Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere
open minded
• Cristobal Fellez de Almanza – 1st Royal
Audiencia – Gov. General
• Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of
• Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General Jose P. Rizal
during the British Colonization
• Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8
• Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the Filipinos Provinces
• Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly
• Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death
• Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney Gonzales – birth sentence of Rizal
of Jose P. Rizal
• Diego delos Rios - Last Governor General
The First Philippine Republic and
Filipino-American War
• Malolos Congress
– September 15, 1898
– President of Malolos Congress Pedro Paterno
– Malolos Constitution by Felipe G. Calderon
– Approved by Congress on November 29, 1898
Inauguration: January 23, 1899, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan (aged 29)
Prime Minister: Apolinario Mabini (January 21-May 7, 1899); Pedro Paterno (May 7-
November 13, 1899)
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Philippines as an American Colony
• Philippine Territory in American Times:
– The island archipelagos of Marianas, Carolines and Palaus in the South Pacific
no longer part of the Philippines
– Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines (through the Bates Treaty)
– Interior Mountain region of Luzon were also included
• American Policies:
– The Americans said they would ho as soon as the Filipinos could stand on their
own as a free nation
– Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers
– Filipinos adopted American ways very well (Brown Americans)
• American Colonial Government:
– Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 04, 1901)
– Gen. Wesley Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Arthur MacArthur
– Civil Government (July 04, 1901 – August 1902)
– The Philippine Commissions
– Schurman Commission (1899) (Dr. Jacob Schurman)
– Taft Commission (1890-1916) – William Howard Taft – organized the Civil Government in the
Philippines
– Spooner Act – Establishment of Civil Government in the Philippines
• Philippine Legislature:
– Inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1616
– 2 Houses; the House of Representative and Senate
– Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate President
– Sergio Osmeña elected as House Speaker
Significant Laws acted under
America
• Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago of Sulu
and its dependences is acknowledge
• Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of US and Philippines
• Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an open trade between the
Philippines and Us (October 13, 1913)
• Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of inhabitants of a town
known to have thieves/ outlaws
• Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino advocating independence or
separation from US would be punished severely by death or imprisonment
• Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty those who steal carabao
• Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio schools (Isauro Gabaldon)
• Municipal Code Act • Filipinization of the Philippine
– Municipal President Government by FB Harrison –
replacing American Officials and
– Vice President
employees with Filipinos
– Council
– Qualified voters – were males, 23 years
old
• Agricultural Increase
– 1902 the Bureau of Agriculture became the first government agency in the new
American Colony
– 1903 the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to support rice and
carabaos from other Asian countries
– Modern farm tools from US were introduced
• New Banks
– 1906 Postal Saving Bank was opened
– Philippine National Bank established in 1906
• Economic Problems
– We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods
from America
– Colonial Mentality became worse
– Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s and 1930’s
– The world depression hit the poor masses worst of all
– American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies
• Free Education
– All children could study in schools
– The brightest children from poor families could go as far as university
– First American Teachers are soldiers
– 1901, the first batch of professional teachers came from the US onboard the US Army Ship Thomas -
Thomasites
• Better Health
– Filipinos enjoyed better health and hygiene
– Death rate fell/ Americans introduced the use of the flush toilet
• English Language
– Filipinos learned the English Language
– English became the official language of the government and business
– Filipinos adopted the names like John, Bobby, Mary, Lily, Rosie, Mark
– New Filipino writers mastered the English Language: Carlos P. Romulo – won the Pulitzer Prize for
Journalism 1942
• Free Press
– 1930’s the Philippines had fastest press in Asia
– Filipino journalists championed independence and reported freely about the government
– Manuel L. Quezon founded The Philippine Herald (1920)
– Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”
– Sergio Osmeña – Nuevo Diaz in Cebu (1900)
– Rafael Palma and Teodoro Kalaw – El Renacimiento
– Alejandro Roces, Sr. - La Vanguardia
• Women’s Rights
– Women enjoyed greater rights (September 17, 1937)
– They were free to work in an office, study with men in co-ed schools and date without chaperones
– First Asian women vote and hold public office were the Filipinas in 1937
• Recreations
– Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, calisthenics, boxing, billiards, poker, bowling, tennis and
badminton
• Houses
– Small apartments
– New bungalows, chalets, two story concrete houses and earthquake proof building
were built
• Arts
– Guillermo Tolentino
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Sergio Suico Osmeña, Sr.
Fourth President of the Philippines
Era
Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Vice-President None
• during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the
country joined the International Monetary Fund
• on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
• United Nations Charter President Osmeña sent the Philippine
delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo, to the San
Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of the United
Nations on 26 June 1945.
Second World War and Japanese
Occupation
• Second World War was the war between the allied nations (US, Britain, China,
France and Union Soviet) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)
• It started in Europe when Adolf Hitler troops attacked on September 1, 1939
• December 08, 1941 (Pacific Time) Japan made a sneak attacks on Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, United States
• Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in Philippine skies
• They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Air Field
• Manila and Nichols (Villamor Airbase) bombed
• Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon, at Legaspi in Bicol,
Davao City in Mindanao and Lingayen in Tayabas Luzon
• General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of US Armed Forces in the Far East
(USAFFE), could not stop the Japanese invasion
• The Commonwealth in Exile
– President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon to escape to the United States
– President Quezon, his family, and War Cabinet secretly left Corregidor by
submarine on February 20, 1942 to October 3, 1944, the Commonwealth
Government went in Exile at Washington, DC
– President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944 and he was succeeded by
Vice President Osmeña
• I Shall Return
– General Douglas MacArthur was also ordered to leave by Pres. Roosevelt
– But when he landed in Australia on March 17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world “I
shall return”
• Propaganda War
– Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Kalibapi) agency of Japanese
propaganda
– The only political party allowed during Japanese Occupation
• The Collaborators
– Most Filipinos had to collaborate with the Japanese during the war
– Japanese controlled food, medicine and other supplies
• Guerilla Warfare
– Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HukBaLaHap/ Huks)
• Japanese Atrocities
– Deaths of Filipino Soldiers and Civilians: 1,111,998
– Damage to property, goods and services: USD 6,411,732,000
– Murder, torture and rape of civilians
– Looting, burning and destruction of property
– Rape, sex slaves
– Cruel Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police)
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Third Philippine Republic
(1946-1972)
• Problems of the New Republic
– Reconstruction
– Poor Government and poor people
– Peace and Order
1946-1948 1948-1953
– Moral and Spiritual decline
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Elpidio Rivera Quirino
Era Sixth President of the Philippines
Second President of the ThirdRepublic
Inauguration April 17, 1948, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 57)
December 30, 1949, Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 58)
Vice-President: Fernando Lopez (December 30, 1949-December 30, 1953)
Chief Justice Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February 17, 1961)
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)
Mariano Jesús Cuenco (February 21, 1949-December 30,
Senate President
1951)
Quintin Paredes (March 5, 1952-April 17, 1952)
Camilo Osías (April 17, 1952-April 30, 1952; April 17, 1953-
April 30, 1953)
Eulogio Rodriguez (April 30, 1952-April 17, 1953;
November 30, 1953-December 30, 1953)
Jose Zulueta (April 30, 1953-November 30, 1953)
Speaker of the House Eugenio Perez (July 5, 1946-December 30, 1953)
• Economic Development Corporation (EDCOR) – for the HukBaLaHap
Rebels
• Reorganization of Arm Forces of the Philippines
• President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) – to
mitigate the sufferings of indigent families
• Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) – to
help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks
• Korean War – deployment of Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or
PEFTOK
• Quirino Foster Agreement – help the Philippines for five years
• Minimum Wage Law (RA 602) Repealed by PD 442 and Repealed again by
RA 6727
• Judge Antonio Quirino – emissary of Quirino Administration to have peace
talk with Luis Taruc
• Rural Banks of the Philippines - to facilitate credit utilities in rural areas.
• Seven point program for social security, o wit:
– Unemployment insurance
– Old-age insurance
– Accident and permanent disability insurance
– Health insurance
– Maternity insurance
– State relief
– Labor opportunity
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay
Seventh President of the Philippines
Era
Third President of the Third Republic
• was the first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his
inauguration
• his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the
cleanest and zero-corruption
• the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Carlos Polistico Garcia
Eighth President of the Philippines
Era
Fourth President of the Third Republic
Inauguration
December 30, 1957, Independence Grandstand, Manila (aged
62)
Speaker of the House Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 27, 1958-December 30, 1961)
• RA 1700 – Outlawing the Communist Party of the Philippines
• Filipino First Policy
• Austerity Program
– tighten up its controls to prevent abuses in the over shipment of exports under license
and in under-pricing as well.
– more rigid enforcement of the existing regulations on barter shipments.
– Government imports themselves were to be restricted to essential items.
– reduce rice imports to a minimum.
– An overhauling of the local transportation system would be attempted so as to reduce
the importation of gasoline and spare parts.
– tax system would be revised so as to attain more equitable distribution of the
payment- burden and achieve more effective collection from those with ability to pay
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal, Sr.
Ninth President of the Philippines
Era
Fifth President of the Third Republic
• Republic Act No. 3518 – An Act Creating The Philippine Veterans Bank, and
For Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 3844 – An Act To Ordain The Agricultural Land Reform
Code and To Institute Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The
Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of Capital Into Industry, Provide For
The Necessary Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds Therefor and For
Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 4180 – An Act Amending Republic Act Numbered Six
Hundred Two, Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By Raising The
Minimum Wage For Certain Workers, And For Other Purposes.
• Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program – it could be
seen that it aimed at the following objectives.
– immediate restoration of economic stability;
– alleviating the plight of the common man;
– And establishing a dynamic basic for future growth.
• Sabah Claim- On September 12, 1962, the territory of North Borneo, and the
full sovereignty, title and dominion over the territory were ceded by Sultan of
Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the
Philippines.
• The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to
pursue their claim in international courts.
• The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation
had included Sabah in 1963.
• It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations have
placed the claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial
economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur.
• To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to resolve
the matter of Sabahs jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice.
• Maphilindo - was described as a regional association that would
approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus.
• However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and
Manila to delay, or even prevent, the formation of the Federation of
Malaysia.
• Manila had its own claim to Sabah (formerly British North Borneo), and
Jakarta protested the formation of Malaysia as a British imperialist plot.
• Vietnam War - Before the end of his term in 1965, President
Diosdado Macapagal persuaded Congress to send troops to South
Vietnam. However this proposal was blocked by the opposition led by
Senate President Ferdinand Marcos who deserted Macapagal’s Liberal
Party and defected to the Nacionalista Party
Contributions and Achievements
• he established the first Land Reform Law
• he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange
market
• he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day
• he signed the Minimum Wage Law
• he signed the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Fourth Philippine Republic (1972-1986)
Fernando Lopez
Vice-President (December 30, 1965-December 30, 1969)
(December 30, 1969-September 23, 1972)
• Blue Revolution
– Marine species like prawn, mullet, milkfish, and golden tilapia were being produced
and distributed to farmers at a minimum cost. Today, milkfish and prawns contribute
substantially to foreign exchange income.
• Liberalized Credit
– More than one thousand rural banks spread all over the country resulting to the
accessibility of credit to finance purchase of agricultural inputs, hired labor, and
harvesting expenses at very low interest rate. During 1981-1985, credit was available
without interest and collateral arrangements. Some of the credit programs were the ff:
– 1. Biyayang Dagat (credit support for fishermen)
– 2. Bakahang Barangay –supported fattening of 40,000 head of cattle in farmer
backyards
– 3. Masaganang Maisan, Maisagana, and Expanded Yellow Corn Program –
supported 1.4 Million farmers through P4.7 Billion loans from 1975-1985
– 4. Gulayan sa Kalusugan and Pagkain ng Bayan Programs –provided grants and
loans of P12.4 Million to encourage backyard and communal production of vegetables
and improve nutrition of Filipino households
– 5. Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (KKK)—supported 25,000 entrepreneurial
projects through P1.8 Billion and helping 500,000 beneficiaries
• Decontrol Program
– Price control polices were implemented on rice and corn to provide greater incentive
to farmers to produce more.
– Deregulation of trading in commodities like sugar and coconut and agricultural inputs
like fertilizer were done for more efficient marketing and trading arrangements.
• Education Reform
– Access to free education widened during the Marcos Administration. The biggest
portion of the budget was allotted for Educational Programs (P58.7 Billion in 20
years). The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to 93% in 1985 and almost 100%
in Metro Manila on the same year.
• Agrarian Reform
– Tenant’s Emancipation Act of 1972 or PD 27 was implemented without bloodshed. 1.2
million farmers benefited, either they became the owner or leaseholder in more than 1.3
million hectares of rice and corn lands.
• Energy Self-Reliance
– Indigenous energy sources were developed like hydro, geothermal, dendrothermal, coal,
biogas and biomass.
– The country became the first in Asia to use dendrothermal and in five years we became
number two, next to US, in geothermal utilization.
– The extensive energy resource research and exploration and development resulted to
reduction of oil imports from 100% in 1965 to 40% in 1985
• Export Development
– During 1985 textile and textile products like garments and embroideries, furniture and
rattan products, marine products like prawns and milkfish, raw silk, shoes, dehydrated
and fresh fruits were exported
• Labor Reform
– The Labor code was promulgated which expanded the concerns of the Magna Carta
of Labor to extend greater protection to labor, promote employment, and human
resource development.
– The minimum wages of the workers were boosted through the guaranteed 13th
month pay and cost of living allowances.
• Fiscal Reform
– Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue collections and loans from
treasury bonds, foreign lending institutions and foreign governments.
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Marcos Dictatorship
• Marcos became a dictator for 14 years (1972-1984)
• September 21, 1972 – Martial Law was declared (Proclamation 1081)
• September 23, 1972 – Marcos announced the declaration of Martial Law via
Nationwide television and radio broadcast in the evening
• 1973 Constitution – November 30, 1972 – finished and signed the new
constitution by the delegates (Former President Carlos P. Garcia as
President)
• January 17, 1973 – President Marcos signed the New Constitution
• 1973 Constitution – amended 22 times during the Marcos dictatorship
91973, 1976, 1981, 1984)
• Death of Democracy
– Arrest and detention of Marcos Opponents and protesters against the government
(Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jose Diokno and Ramon Mitra)
– Closing down of all newspapers, radio and television stations and printing
presses
– Government control of all public utilities and important industries
– Travel Ban abroad
– Ban on public meetings, student demonstrations and labor strikes
– Ban on private weapons
– Torture and murder of political prisoners
• Government Reorganization
– Marcos replaced Congress with several lawmaking bodies
– 1984 he organized the Batasang Pambansa
– Marcos also changed the local government (old barrios now called barangays)
– The country was divided unto 13 administrative regions
– Marcos became the President and Prime Minister of the country
– Motto: Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Spirit)
– Cesar Virata appointed as Prime Minister
– Marcos has its absolute power
• Strong Military Power
– Marcos created special military courts
– Major General Fabian C. Ver headed the National Intelligence and Security
Agency
– Military got the biggest share in government budget
• Fourth Republic
– January 17, 1981 – ended the Martial Law
– Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines
– June 16, 1981 – first Presidential election after Martial Law
– June 30, 1981 – inauguration of the Fourth Philippine Republic
– Kilusang Bagong Lipunan – as official Political Party
• Aquino Assassination
– August 21, 1983 – a China airlines jet brought back Sen. Benigno Aquino to
Manila International Airport
– Shot by a military assassin as he got down the plane
People Power Revolution
• Snap Elections
– February 7, 1986 – Marcos farce to call Snap Election
– Marcos declared as winner according to Commission on Elections
– According to NAMFREL (National Movement for Free Elections) Aquino won
Speaker of the House Ramon V. Mitra Jr. (July 27, 1987-June 30, 1992)
• The return of Democracy, freedom and justice in the Philippines
• Partial recovery of the big sums of money stolen by Marcos and some
members of his family
• Push back the communist New People’s Army rebels and arrest the top
communist leaders
• Mobilized national and international aid for the victims of various calamities
• first woman president of the Philippines • she is in the new 500 peso bill together
and Asia with her husband Ninoy Aquino
• she abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution • she has received great honors and
brought the new Constitution of the awards such as one of:
Philippines
• 100 Women Who Shaped World History
• she reorganized the structure of the
executive branch of government • 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th
Century
• she always initiated charitable and social
activities helping the poor and the needy • 65 Great Asian Heroes
Speaker of the House Jose de Venecia (July 27, 1992-June 30, 1998)
• Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the Department of Energy)
– This act was signed and implemented so that the department of energy would be
created.
• Philippines 2000
– Peace and Stability
– Economic Growth and Development
– Energy and Power Generation
– Environmental Protection
– Streamlined Bureaucracy
– Agrarian Reform Program
– Restatement of the Death Penalty
Contributions and Achievements
• during his time, the Philippines was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger
because he brought back economic growth
• the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998
• he’s the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from the United
Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order
of St. Michael and St. George)
• he led the 4th APEC Summit held in the Philippines
• his “Philippines 2000” vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the
best in the world in the mid-90s
• Death Penalty was reinstated at his time
• he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Joseph Marcelo Ejercito Estrada
Thirteenth President of the Philippines
Era
Third President of the Fifth Republic
June 30, 1998, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan
Inauguration
(aged 61)
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (June 30, 1998-January 20,
Vice-President
2001)
Hilario G. Davide (November 30, 1998-December 20,
2005)
Chief Justice:
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30,
1998)
Aquilino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June 30, 2001)
• Death Penalty
– The death penalty law in the Philippines was re-enforced during the incumbency
of Estrada’s predecessor, Fidel Ramos. This law provided the use of the electric
chair until the gas chamber (method chosen by government to replace
electrocution) could be installed. The Estrada administration peddled the death
penalty as the antidote to crime.
• Charter Change
– Under President Joseph Estrada, there was a similar attempt to change the 1987
constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for
Development.
– Only amend the ‘restrictive’ economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as
impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines.
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Fourteenth President of the Philippines
Era
Fourth President of the Fifth Republic
First Inauguration January 21, 2001, EDSA Shrine (aged 54)
Second Inauguration June 30, 2004, Cebu Capitol (aged 57)
Manuel de Castro (June 30, 2004-June 30, 2010)
Vice President
Teofisto Guingona (February 7, 2001-June 30, 2004)
Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29, 2012)
Reynato Puno (December 8, 2006-May 17, 2010)
Chief Justice
Artemio Panganiban (December 20, 2005-December 7, 2006)
• Job creation Arroyo has always had a mantra of creating one million jobs for
Filipinos.
• Amnesty proclamation
– On September 5, 2007 - signed Amnesty Proclamation 1377 for members of the
Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing, the New Peoples Army; other
communist rebel groups; and their umbrella organization, the National Democratic Front.
• US-led coalition against global terrorism in the aftermath of the September 11,
2001 attacks, and remains one of its closest allies in the war on terror
• Housing
– sustainable housing financing, the private sector, especially the banks, is called to
participate in the housing market.
– provide security of tenure for the informal sector, consisting of poor and low salaried
workers from government and the private sector.
• Election Modernization
– On May 10, 2004, the Philippines will hold its first elections using modern counting
and canvassing methods.
• Land Distribution
– accelerated land distribution and delivery of support services to the farmer-
beneficiaries.
– The same shall apply to the distribution of public lands.
• E-Procurement
– The Electronic Procurement System or EPS is one initiative of government to reform and
modernize government's procurement services.
– creation and operation of a central portal for government procurement, bidding and
supplier information requirements, and the increasing use of the portal among
government agencies.
– The EPS is expected to achieve transparency in public procurement activities.
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions
References:
• Yaman ng Lahi (Binagong Edisyon) by Amelia Tuico & Edna Perez
• MET- LET Reviewer On Social Science by Rogelio I. Esperitu (2011)
• Philippine History and Government (2002) by Gregorio and Sonia
Zaide
• Philippine History Module-Based Learning (2002) by Rebecca and
Reena Ongsotto
• Philippine History Revised Edition (2010) Teodoro Agoncillo
• Saint Louie Reviewer – Philippine History (April, 2014)
• http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-
their-Achievements-and-Contributions Retrieved November 24, 2014