BPA Falling Hazards & PPE

BPA 32202 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
SEM 1 2019/2020
FALLING HAZARDS
AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Occupational Safety and Health, 8e, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.
David L. Goetsch All Rights Reserved
At the end of the topic, students would be
able to understand …
• Some of the most common workplace

accidents are result of slipping and
falling.
 Falling object impact is also a common
accident cause.
• Some of the types of personal
protective equipment (PPE) widely used
in the workplace.
INTRODUCTORY VIDEO
Slips, trips and falls are common in industry. Some simple
steps such as practicing good attitudes and housekeeping
can prevent slips, trips and falls at the workplace.
Causes of Falls
• Primary causes of falls:

 A foreign object on the walking surface.
 A design flaw in the walking surface.
 Slippery surfaces.
 An individual’s impaired physical
condition.
Kinds of Falls
• Common surface falls can be divided

into four categories:
 Trip and fall accidents occur when
workers encounter an unseen foreign
object in their path.
 Stump and fall occurs when a worker’s
foot suddenly meets a sticky surface or
defect in a walking surface.
Kinds of Falls
• Common surface falls can be divided

into four categories:
 Step and fall accidents occur when a
person’s foot encounters an unexpected
step down.
 Slip and fall occurs when the worker’s
center of gravity is suddenly thrown out
of balance.
• This is the most common type of fall.
Walking and Slipping
• Good housekeeping can be a major

factor in reducing slip and fall hazards.
 Water, oil, soap, coolant & cleaning
solvents on a floor can decrease
traction, turning a safe surface to a
danger zone.
General Strategies for Preventing
Slips
• Strategies that can help prevent
slipping:
 Choose the right material from the
outset.
• Safety & health professionals should
encourage selection of surface materials
with the highest possible coefficient of
friction.
Slips
slipping:
 Retrofit an existing surface.
• Using materials like runners, skid strips,
carpet, grooves, abrasive coatings, grills,
and textured coverings.
 Practice good housekeeping.
• Removed spilled water, grease, oil,
solvents, etc., immediately.
Slips
slipping:
 Require nonskid footwear.
• Such footwear should be a normal part of
a worker’s PPE.
 Inspect surfaces frequently.
• Conduct frequent inspections & act
immediately when a hazard is identified.
Slips
• Effective strategies for preventing slips
and falls:
 Review/analyze accident statistics to
determine where slip & fall accidents are
happening and why.
 Monitor the condition of walking
surfaces continually, and make
appropriate preventive corrections
immediately.
Slips
and falls:
 Use high-friction surfaces on ramps &
sloped floors.
 Use safety mats, nonslip flooring & slip-
resistant shoes.
 Make sure stairs have handrails.
Slips
and falls:
 Make sure visibility is good in potentially
hazardous areas.
 Clean spills immediately & correct the
underlying causes.
Slips
and falls:
 Use appropriate technologies such as
vertical incidence tribometers to
measure the slip resistance of floors and
take appropriate action based on the
results.
Slip and Fall Prevention Programs
• A company’s overall safety & health

program should include a slip and fall
prevention component:
 A policy statement/commitment.
• Management intent,
responsibility/accountability, scope of
activity, the safety professional’s role,
authority & standards.

 Review and acceptance of walkways.
• Establish the criteria that will be used for
reviewing all walking surfaces and
determining if they are acceptable.

 Reconditioning and retrofitting.
• Recommendations/timetables for
reconditioning/retrofitting walking
surfaces that do not meet review &
acceptance criteria.

 Maintenance standards and procedures.
• How often surfaces should be cleaned,
resurfaced, replaced.

 Inspections, audits, tests, and records.
• A comprehensive list of inspections,
audits & tests—including how frequently
& where—maintaining records of the
results.

 Employee footwear program.
• Specify type of footwear required of
employees who work on different types
of walking surfaces.

 Defense methods for legal claims.
• Aggressive action to be taken, to be able
to show the company has not been
negligent.

 Measurement of results.
• Explanation of how the program will be
evaluated & how often.
• Records of the results of these
evaluations.
FIGURE 15–2 Body harness for fall protection.
Courtesy of Steve Gorton/Dorling Kindersley
Ladder Safety
• The National Safety Council (NSC)

recommends that ladders be inspected
before every use.
 Look for a manufacturer instruction
label about weight capacity and
applications.
• Determine if the ladder is strong enough.
Ladder Safety

before every use.
 Look for cracks on side rails; loose
rungs, rails, braces, or damaged
connections between rungs and rails.
• Check for heat damage and corrosion.
Ladder Safety

before every use.
 Check wooden ladders for moisture that
may cause them to conduct electricity.
 Check metal ladders for burrs and sharp
edges.
Ladder Safety

before every use.
 Check fiberglass ladders for signs of
blooming, deterioration of exposed
fiberglass.
Do’s and Don’ts of Ladder Use
• Following simple rules for proper use

can reduce risk of falls and other
ladder-related accidents.
 Check for slipperiness on shoes & ladder
rungs.
• Don’t lean a ladder against a fragile,
slippery, unstable surface.

 Secure the ladder firmly at the top &
bottom.
• Set the ladder’s base on a firm, level
surface.

 Apply the four-to-one ratio
• Base one foot away from the wall for
every 4 feet between the base and the
support point.

 Face the ladder when climbing up or
down.
• Don’t carry tools in your hands while
climbing a ladder.
 Barricade the base of the ladder when
working near an entrance.

 Don’t lean too far to either side while
working.
• Stop and move the ladder.
 Don’t rig a makeshift ladder.
• Use the real thing.

 Don’t allow more than one person at a
time on a ladder.
 Don’t allow your waist to go any higher
than the last rung when reaching
upward on a ladder.

 Don’t separate the individual sections of
extension ladders and use them
individually.
 Don’t place a ladder on a box, table, or
bench to make it reach higher.
What to Do after a Fall
• If a fall occurs on the job, what

employees do in the immediate
aftermath can mean the difference
between life and death for the victim.
• Make sure your organization has a fall

rescue plan:
 Training for all personnel in how to
carry out a rescue—what to do and
what not to do.
• Proper equipment on site, and readily
available.
 Coordination with local emergency
authorities
• Assigned responsibilities.
• Employees who work at heights or with

others who work at heights understand
the following basics:
 Never work alone - There should
always be two or more people working
in close proximity when working at
heights.

 Keep legs moving - When a worker is
dangling from fall arrest gear, moving
legs—rhythmically & regularly—helps
prevent venous pooling of blood that
can lead to shock.
• If possible, the worker should try to
move to an upright position.

 Raise the worker to a seated
position - Once on the ground, the
tendency is to lie down in a horizontal
position.
• This is a mistake because it can suddenly
release pooled blood that can strain the
heart and cause death.
Monitor Equipment and Know Why
It Fails
• The number of fall injuries & deaths is
increasing.
 Reasons include poor training,
deterioration of equipment over time &
selection of the wrong equipment for
the job.
• However most failure is due to lack of
monitoring.
It Fails
• When inspecting fall protection
equipment, look for the following types
of potential problems:
 Webbing cuts/abrasions; Broken
stitching.
 Weld splatter; Frayed/burned/knotted
webbing.
It Fails
• When inspecting fall protection
equipment, look for the following types
of potential problems:
 Chemical damage; discoloration.
 Deformed hardware; loose, distorted or
broken grommets, or malfunctioning
snap hooks.
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Head Protection
• Originally introduced in 1919, the first

hard hats in an industrial setting were
inspired by the helmets worn by
soldiers in World War I.
 Originally made of varnished resin-
impregnated canvas, hard hats have
been made of vulcanized fiber,
aluminum & fiberglass.
Head Protection
• Originally introduced in 1919, the first

hard hats in an industrial setting were
inspired by the helmets worn by
soldiers in World War I.
 Today’s hard hats are typically made
from polyethylene, a thermoplastic
material, using an injection-molding
process.
Head Protection
• The use of hard hats in industrial

settings in which falling objects are
likely has been mandated by federal
law since 1971.
Head Protection
• Hard hats are designed to provide

limited protection from impact,
primarily to the top of the head.
 To reduce impact transmitted to head,
neck, and spine.
• It is important to wear them properly.
 Never wear them backwards.
Head Protection
• Hard hats are tested to withstand a 40-

ft/lb impact.
 Equivalent to a two-pound hammer
falling about 20 feet.
• They are also designed to limit
penetration of sharp objects & give
some lateral penetration protection.
Eye and Face Protection
• Eye and face protection typically consist

of safety glasses, safety goggles, or
face shields.
FIGURE 15–5 Wrap-around safety glasses.
Courtesy of Dorling Kingersley
FIGURE 15–6 Hood with facemask.
Courtesy of Nikitin Victor/Shutterstock
Aid for Eye Injuries
• When an employee sustains an eye

injury:
 Be gentle with the employee.
 Don’t add to the injury with rough
treatment.
 Do not attempt to remove objects
embedded in the eyeball.

injury:
 Rinse the eyes with a copious amount of
water for 15 to 30 minutes to remove
the chemicals.
 Call for professional help.
 Cover both eyes after the rinsing has
been completed.

injury:
 Never press on an injured eye or put
any pressure on it (as when covering
the eyes).
 Do not allow the employee to rub his or
her eyes.
Contact Lenses in a Chemical
Environment
• Environments in which contacts lens
should not be worn include those in
which certain chemicals are present,
such as:
 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP).
 4,4’-methylene dianiline (MDA).
 Ethyl or Isopropyl alcohol; Ethylene
oxide; Methylene chloride.
Foot Protection
• Major injury types to the foot & toes:

 Compression when rolled over/pressed
by heavy objects.
 Punctures through the sole of the foot.
 Conductivity of electricity or heat.
 Electrocution from an energized,
conducting material.
Foot Protection
• Major injury types to the foot & toes:

 Slips on unstable walking surfaces.
 Hot liquid/metal splashed into shoes or
boots.
 Temperature extremes.
Foot Protection
• The key to protecting workers’ feet &

toes involves:
 Identify the various types of hazards
present in the workplace.
 Identify the types of footwear available
to counter the hazards.
 Require that proper footwear be worn.
Foot Protection
• The best safety boots provide these

types of protection:
 Steel toe for impact protection.
 Rubber or vinyl for chemical protection.
 Puncture-resistant soles for protection
against sharp objects.
Foot Protection
• The best safety boots provide these

types of protection:
 Slip-resistant soles for protection
against slippery surfaces.
 Electricity-resistant material for
protection from electric shock.
Proper Footwear
• Proper footwear is critical for

employees who stand for prolonged
periods.
 Well-fitting, comfortable shoes that grip
the work surface and allow free
movement of the toes are best.
Hand Protection
• Selecting the right gloves is not a

simple task.
 A poorly fitted set of gloves cannot offer
the degree of protection that a
responsible employer or employee
wants.
• The only way to determine whether a
pair fits properly is for the employee to
try them on.
Hand Protection
• Selecting the right gloves is not a

simple task.
 Other critical features include,
protection capability, comfort, and
tactile sensitivity of the gloves.
• Greater comfort/tactile sensitivity can
mean less protection.
• Greater protection can mean less comfort
& tactile sensitivity.
Common Glove Materials
• Depending on individual hazards in a

given situation, the right gloves for the
job may be made of a variety of
different materials.
FIGURE 15–9 Work gloves.
Courtesy of Andy Crawford/DK Images
FIGURE 15–10 Work gloves.
Courtesy of James Stevenson/Dorling Kindersley
FIGURE 15–11 Rubber work gloves.
Courtesy of Peter Anderson/Dorling Kindersley
• Most widely used materials in making

gloves are:
 Leather - Offers comfort, excellent
abrasion resistance, and minimum cut
resistance.
 Cotton - Offers comfort, minimal
abrasion resistance, and minimum cut
resistance.

gloves are:
 Aramids - Offer comfort, good abrasion
resistance, excellent cut resistance, and
excellent heat resistance.
 Polyethylene - Offers comfort,
excellent abrasion resistance, and
minimal cut resistance.
• Should not be subjected to high
temperatures.

gloves are:
 Stainless steel cord (wrapped in
synthetic fiber) - Offers comfort, good
abrasion resistance, and optimal cut
resistance.

gloves are:
 Chain link or metal mesh - Offers
very little comfort, but maximum
abrasion and cut resistance.
 Butyl rubber - Little comfort, but
excellent resistance to heat, ozone,
tearing, and certain chemicals.

gloves are:
 Nitrile-based material - Offers
greater comfort and protection, and
there is increased use of this type of
material for the substrate coating of
glasses.

gloves are:
 Viton rubber - Little comfort, but
performs well with chemicals that butyl
rubber cannot protect against, including
aliphatics, halogenated, and aromatics.
• Also perform well in handling alcohols,
gases, and acids.
Personal Protective Equipment
• Head, hand, back, eye, face, foot, skin

& breathing protection all involve the
use of PPE—a critical component in the
safety program of most firms.
• Making employees comfortable with
PPE is a serious, sometimes difficult
challenge.
END OF SLIDES

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BPA 32202 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

• Some of the most common workplace

• Primary causes of falls:

• Common surface falls can be divided

• Common surface falls can be divided

• Good housekeeping can be a major

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• A company’s overall safety & health

• The National Safety Council (NSC)

• The National Safety Council (NSC)

• The National Safety Council (NSC)

• The National Safety Council (NSC)

• Following simple rules for proper use

• Following simple rules for proper use

• Following simple rules for proper use

• Following simple rules for proper use

• Following simple rules for proper use

• Following simple rules for proper use

• Following simple rules for proper use

• If a fall occurs on the job, what

• Make sure your organization has a fall

• Employees who work at heights or with

• Employees who work at heights or with

• Employees who work at heights or with

• Originally introduced in 1919, the first

• Originally introduced in 1919, the first

• The use of hard hats in industrial

• Hard hats are designed to provide

• Hard hats are tested to withstand a 40-

• Eye and face protection typically consist

• When an employee sustains an eye

• When an employee sustains an eye

• When an employee sustains an eye

• Major injury types to the foot & toes:

• Major injury types to the foot & toes:

• The key to protecting workers’ feet &

• The best safety boots provide these

• The best safety boots provide these

• Proper footwear is critical for

• Selecting the right gloves is not a

• Selecting the right gloves is not a

• Depending on individual hazards in a

• Most widely used materials in making

• Most widely used materials in making

• Most widely used materials in making

• Most widely used materials in making

• Most widely used materials in making

• Most widely used materials in making

• Head, hand, back, eye, face, foot, skin

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