At the end of the lesson, you should be

able to:
2. Marxism: Analyze social inequalities in terms of
class conflict HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIg-2
 Ang Nakaraan……….

1. What is Structural-Functionalism?
2. Distinguish Manifest Function from
Latent Function?
 Ang Nakaraan……….

3. What is Social Dysfunction?

4. What is the significance of Structural-
Functionalism in our lives?
 MARXISM
A keen observer of how the Industrial Revolution changed
Europe, Marx spent most of his adult life in London, the capital of
what was then the vast British empire. He was awed by the size and
productive power of the new factories going up all over Britain.
Along with other industrial nations, Great Britain was
producing more goods than ever before, drawing resources from
around the world and churning out products at a dizzying rate.
 MARXISM
What astounded Marx even more was how the riches
produced by this new technology ended up in the hands of
only a few people. As he walked around the city of London,
he could see for himself how a handful of aristocrats and
industrialists lived in fabulous mansions staffed by servants,
where they enjoyed both luxury and privilege.
 MARXISM

At the same time, most people labor long hours

for low wages and lived in slums. some even slept in
the streets, where they were likely to die young from
diseases brought on by cold and poor nutrition.
 MARXISM

Marx saw his society in terms of a basic

contradiction: In a country so rich, how could so
many people be so poor? Just as important, he
asked, how can this situation be changed
(Macionis 2007, 100-101)?
 MARXISM
In 1848, he and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) co-
authored the communist Manifesto, a seminal work
reflecting Marx's theory of the state and society. Central to
Marx's thinking is the idea of social conflict, "the struggle
between segments of society over valued resources" with
class conflict arising from the way a society produces
material goods (Macionis 2007 101).
 MARXISM
Marx used the term class conflict or class struggle to refer to the
"conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's
wealth and power" (Macionis 2007, 102).
Recognizing that the economic system is society's infrastructure
or the society's real foundation, other social institutions such as the
family, the political system, and religion are built on this foundation or
economic base and form society's superstructure and support the
economy (Macionis 2007, 101).
 MARXISM
Based on his own observations of the early decades of
industrial capitalism in Europe, Marx set out to expose the
inherent economic, social, and political contradictions of
capitalism, how these contradictions lead to unforeseen and
unintended consequences such as the intensification of
class conflict and the immiseration of the proletariat, and
ultimately, to the overthrow of capitalism.
Industrial capitalism in Europe ... turned a
small part of the population into capitalists,
people who own and operate factories and
other businesses in pursuit of profits. A
capitalist tries to make a profit by selling a
product for more than it costs to produce.
 Capitalism turns most of the population into
industrial workers, ... called proletarians, people
who sell their labor for wages. Capitalist production
always ends up creating conflict between capitalists
and workers. To keep profits high, capitalists keep
wages low. But workers want higher wages. Since
profile and wages come from the same pool of
funds, the result is conflict (which) could end with
the end of capitalism itself (Maclonie 2007, 101).
To Marx, the end of capitalism will be prompted by
the proletarian revolution. Industrial workers would
soon rise up to overthrow capitalism But he knew
that the revolution would not come easily. Marx
premised that first, industrial workers must become
aware of their oppression under a capitalist system
and realize that capitalism is the cause of their
oppression.
Second, the proletariat must organize and act to
address their problems. This means that they develop
their class consciousness, "workers' recognition of
themselves as a class unified in opposition to
capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself"
(Macionis 2007, 103).
Class consciousness is different from false
consciousness, "explanations of social problems as
the shortcomings of individuals rather than as the
flaws of society." To Marx, "it is not people who
make society so unequal, It is the system of capitalist
production ... and False consciousness .. hurts people
by hiding the real cause of their problems"
((Macionis 2007, 101).
 Marx also critiqued capitalism for producing
alienation, the experience of isolation and misery
resulting from powerlessness" (Macionis 2007, 102),
 He identified four ways in which capitalism
alienates workers:
1. Alienation from the act of working: Capitalism
denies workers a say in what they make or how they
make it. Work is a constant repetition of routine
tasks. Workers are replaced by and/or turned into
machines.
 2. Alienation from the products of
work: Workers' product belongs to the
capitalists who sell it for profit. As
workers invest more of themselves in
their work, the more they lose.
3. Alienation from other workers:
Industrial capitalism creates competition in
work that prevents bonds of community to
develop, and hence, sets each worker apart
from everyone else.
4. Alienation from human potential:
Capitalism prevents workers to develop their
best qualities as human beings. Instead of
fulfilling one's self in work, one denies one's
self; instead of well-being, misery; instead of
freely developing one's physical and mental
energies, one gets physically exhausted and
mentally debased (Macionis 2007, 103).
 DEBATING WAGES

The class will debate on Resolved:

Should the Philippine government
increase the daily minimum wage in the
country?
• Group 1 represents the affirmative team (supporting the
resolution).
• Group 2 is the opposing team (opposing the resolution).
The two teams consist of three members each. The rest
of the class make up the judges of the debate. While they
are not involved in the formal debate, they must not
questions addressed to the two debating teams.
Each of the debating teams must agree on two significant
points of argument. The affirmative team opens the debate
presenting its arguments followed by a member of the
opposing team. This pattern is repeated for the second
speaker in each team until the third speaker of the
affirmative team presents his/her team's arguments
followed by the third speaker of the opposing team.
 PROCESSING QUESTIONS

What do you find as the most convincing

reason or explanation why the Philippine
government should or should not raise the
daily minimum wage?