Start this Topic 3 revision lesson with a bit of fun

by naming the process which is represented in

the box below

Crossing over
non-sister

The exchange of alleles between non-

chromatids

sister chromatids (during prophase I of

meiosis) which ensures genetic variation
due to the production of new allele
combinations called recombinants
Once you have the name, use your knowledge (and what you
can see) to describe what occurs during this process
 Crossing over involves the exchange of alleles between
non-sister chromatids and ensures genetic variation

In addition to crossing over, state the name of the

other process that occurs during meiosis which ensures
genetic variation and briefly describe what occurs in
this process (2 marks)

Independent assortment of chromosomes is the random

orientation of each chromosome within a homologous pair
at the equator
 Crossing over involves the exchange of alleles between non-sister
chromatids and ensures genetic variation

Explain why the exchange of alleles between sister

chromatids would not result in the genetic variation that is
observed with non-sister chromatids. You should make
reference to a stage of the cell cycle in your answer (3 marks)

During the S phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs where

each chromosome is duplicated. The result is a pair of sister
chromatids which are identical to each other. Therefore, exchange
between sister chromatids would not result in any variation.
Topic 3 requires you
to know the role of
the cell cycle. As
you can see from
the diagram,
interphase forms
the main part of the
cycle and can be
split into three
parts; G1, S and G2
The table on the right shows a list
of statements about DNA
replication. Some of the
statements are incorrect.

Decide which of the

statements are
incorrect and re-write
them so that they
become correct
statements (3 marks)
Free DNA nucleotides join to
bases on the exposed DNA
strands

Both polynucleotide strands

act as a template

Two hydrogen bonds form

between bases A and T
 Use your knowledge of semi-
conservative replication (and DNA
helicase) to put the steps in the process
into the correct order on the worksheet

If you feel like you would need some assistance with this
task, ask your teacher for a partially ordered worksheet
labelled STARS
D G A J C I B E H F
The figure on the right shows
how the quantity of DNA
changes during a cell cycle
which involves either mitosis
or meiosis.

State which type of

cell division is
involved in this cell
cycle and give two
reasons for your
answer (3 marks)
 Mitosis

The quantity of DNA at the end is 2n, which is the

diploid number. It would be n (haploid) at the end
if it was meiosis

There is only one division shown. There would be

two sets of division if it was meiosis
 The mother of this beautiful baby girl absolutely loves
(cellular) Biology and in tribute to mitosis which helped her
to grow from a zygote, she decided to name her after a
phase during this type of cell division.

Hello, my name
isisAna
…..

Can you work out which

phase she is most likely to be
named after?
In honour of the late,
great Bob Holness of
Blockbusters fame,
today’s 1st round is
called “Can I have a P
please BOB?”
 Can I have a “P” please Bob?
This round of the quiz will test whether you know the key
details of the four phases of mitosis.
A description will appear on the board and you then have
30 seconds to work out which phase of mitosis this
description belongs to.
At the end of the teacher’s countdown, hold up…
• a P if you believe it occurs during Prophase
• an M if you believe it occurs during Metaphase
• an A if you believe it occurs during Anaphase
• a T if you believe it occurs during Telophase
2 TEAM POINTS for each correct answer
 Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
 Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
The centrioles divide and move towards the two
poles of the cell
 Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
Nuclear membranes reform around each set of
chromosomes
 Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
The spindle fibres contract and shorten, pulling
the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
 Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
The chromosomes shorten and thicken (condense)
Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
The nuclear membrane breaks down and
disappears
Can I have a “P” please Bob?

M
P T
A
 4n
State theonname
The figure the rightof the
shows
how the quantity of DNA
process
changes which
during is
a cell cycle The brown
line
represented by the
which involves mitosis
represents
vertical green
Using the lineasand
figure a
mitosis

explain how this

guide, state the
results in the
quantity quantity
of DNA in
of DNA changing
the cell once to
telophase 2nis finished
(3(1marks)
mark)
 Cytokinesis

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm cleaves. This

results in two daughter cells, each of which is
diploid (and genetically identical)
Round 2 is going to test
your ability to get the
answers to the
quantitative parts of
Topic 3! It is simply
called “Number Crazy”
 22 19 0
3 17
4
72
48
20
21

11 6
A question which has a
number as the answer will
40
appear in this circle. The 16
answer is shown
9 somewhere on this slide.
Buzz in when you know 8
which one it is! Be QUICK!
28

10
64
1
23
18 12
2 7
 22 19 0
3 17
4
72
48
20
21

11 6
Sex linked genes
40 have their loci on 16
this pair of
9
chromosomes in 8

humans 28

10
64
1
23
18 12
2 7
 Honor’s
HELPFUL HINT
When writing the
genotype of an individual
in a sex-linked
characteristic, you must
show the sex
chromosomes as well as
the alleles

e.g. H
X X h
Red-green colour blindness is a recessive sex-linked
condition that is carried on the X chromosome in
humans. A heterozygous female reproduces with a
male sufferer. Use a genetic diagram to work out
the % chance of them having a daughter who
suffers from the condition. Use the alleles C and c
to represent the dominant and recessive alleles
respectively (3 marks)
 Red-green colour blindness is a recessive sex-linked disease that is carried on the X
chromosome in humans. It is coded for by the alleles C and c. A heterozygous female
reproduces with a male sufferer. Use a genetic diagram to work out the % chance of
them having a female sufferer.

XCXc x XcY

XC Xc Xc Y
XC Xc
Xc XCXc XcXc
Y XCY XcY

1 in 4 are a female sufferer = 25%

 22 19 0
3 17
4
72
48
20
21

11 The range of 6
chromosomes
40
that are involved 16

9 in autosomal
8
diseases (in
28
humans)
10
64
1
23
18 12
2 7
When two genes have their loci
on the same chromosome, they
are said to be linked. If this
chromosome is an autosome
(pairs 1 – 22 in humans), then
the genes exhibit autosomal
linkage.
When two pure-breeding plants are crossed (AABB x aabb),
all of their offspring come out with the genotype AaBb.
Two of these offspring are then chosen and crossed
repeatedly (AaBb x AaBb).
The expected phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1 (where the 9 and 1
represent the original phenotypes and the 3s the
recombinants) but the actual ratio comes out closer to
12:1:1:2.
If the two genes are known to be linked, discuss what
suggestions can be made about the loci of the two genes
on that chromosome
 The two genes have loci which are close on
the same chromosome
If lower than expected numbers of the
recombinants are observed in a genetic cross,
then it can be suggested that the two genes
have loci which are very close. In order to get
recombinants, the chiasma has to form
between the two genes to allow the alleles to
be exchanged. The closer the loci, the less
likely it is that the chiasma will randomly form
between them.
 22 19 0
3 17
4
72
48
20
21

11 Discontinuous 6

variation is
40 16
normally
9 determined by
8
alleles at this many
gene loci 28

10
64
1
23
18 12
2 7
“Characteristics that exhibit discontinuous variation
are determined by alleles found at a single gene
locus”

Suggest a key genetic term for the property

detailed above (1 mark)

monogenic
 #1

Determined by alleles at a single

gene locus (monogenic)

D
Continuous Discontinuous
This is a progress check to see how much you
know about the different types of variation.
A statement will come up on the board which
you should write into the first column of your
table. By using a tick, show whether this
statement would apply to continuous or
discontinuous variation. Note that some
features apply to both types of variation

Continuous Discontinuous
 #2

Affected by genes and the

environment

C
Continuous Discontinuous
 #3

e.g. ABO human blood groups

D
Continuous Discontinuous
 22 19 0
3 17
4
72
48
20
21

11
BACK TO 6

40
THE 16

9 NUMBERS 8

BOARD 28

10
64
1
23
18 12
2 7
 22 19 0
3 17
4
72
48
20
21

11 6
Minimum
40 number of alleles 16
in a multiple
9
allele 8

characteristic 28

10
64
1
23
18 12
2 7
The human ABO blood groups is a multiple allele characteristic
as three possible alleles, IA, IB and IO, are found at the gene
locus on chromosome 9.

An individual with the genotype IAIB has the blood group AB.

Based on the 2nd statement above, what other

genetic characteristic do human blood groups
display (as well as multiple alleles)?

codominance
 The alleles which determine the human ABO blood
groups have a gene locus on chromosome 9.
This is a multiple allele characteristic, where the
three possible alleles, IA, IB and IO, that can be found
at this locus determine which antigen is present on
the surface of the erythrocytes.
Genetically, the alleles, IA and IB, are co-dominant
where I0 is recessive to both IA and IB.
Answer the questions on the
worksheet about this type of
discontinuous variation
I BI O
AB
IOIO
B 2
I AI A
 The data should be represented on a bar
chart

 The data must take up at least 50% of

the axes

 Blood groups should be on the x-axis and

frequency on the y-axis
 #4

Data should be represented on a

bar chart

D
Continuous Discontinuous
 #5

Affected by genes

C D
Continuous Discontinuous
 #6

Determined by alleles at multiple

gene loci (polygenic)

C
Continuous Discontinuous
 #7
Most individuals are close to the
mean value and the number of
extreme individuals is low

C
Continuous Discontinuous
 #8

e.g. the mass of an individual in a

population

C
Continuous Discontinuous
Round 3 tests whether you
know your substances!
Clues will come up on the
board and the quicker you
“SPOT the SUBSTANCE”, the
more POINTS you score!
SPOT the SUBSTANCE!
For 4
POINTS Disaccharide
For 3 Formed from one alpha -
POINTS glucose
For 2 And one
POINTS galactose
For 1 Sugar found in dairy
POINT products

LACTOSE
 In Topic 3, you need to
understand the control of
gene expression and an
example of this is the 6000
base pairs length of DNA
called the Lac Operon
 Round 4 and this is
designed to check
whether your
knowledge is LACking or
not!
“Is your knowledge of the Lac Operon
LACKING?”
A passage about the Lac Operon will appear on the
board. You have 1 minute to read through the passage
carefully and then prove that knowledge isn’t LACKING

• If it has been written 100% correctly, simply put a big tick on

your whiteboard to get the 2 TEAM points.

• If there is a mistake, write the mistake on your whiteboard

and the word which actually should have been in the passage
and if both are right, you will get the 2 TEAM points
 “Is your knowledge of the Lac
Operon LACKING?”
When lactose is absent, the
regulatory gene is expressed
and the suppressor
repressor protein
is synthesised
 “Is your knowledge of the Lac
Operon LACKING?”

The repressor protein binds to

the operator region, but
partially covers the promoter
region too meaning that RNA
polymerase is unable to bind
 “Is your knowledge of the Lac
Operon LACKING?”
As the RNA polymerase cannot
attach, the structural genes Z and Y
are not transcribed and the
enzymes lactose permease and
alpha
beta galactosidase will not be
synthesised
 Which key term is used
to describe lactose when
it is present in the
medium?
 inducer
 “Is your knowledge of the Lac
Operon LACKING?”
When lactose is present in
the medium, it binds to the
repressor protein, causing
the shape of the other
binding site to change
 “Is your knowledge of the Lac
Operon LACKING?”
The repressor protein is now
unable to bind to the
operator region, leaving it
RNA
free for the enzyme DNA
polymerase to bind
 “Is your knowledge of the Lac
Operon LACKING?”
Transcription and translation of the
structural genes leads to the
synthesis of lactose permease and
beta galactosidase which allow E-coli
to take up the lactose and then break
it down into glucose and sucrose
galactose
 The final passage in the last competition
mentioned transcription and translation, which are
the two stages of protein synthesis. However, this
isn’t the end of the journey for synthesised
proteins like enzymes, as they need to be
transported within the cell before bring released
out of the cell.
Specification point 3.3 expects you to understand
the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and
the Golgi apparatus in protein transport within
cells, including their role in the formation of
extracellular enzymes
Copy and complete the description of the journey of a protein after
translation at the ribosome (6 marks)

 cisternae of the rough endoplasmic

The protein passes into the __________
reticulum (rER) and along these hollow sacs.
vesicles and pinches off from the rER.
 It is enclosed in __________
microtubules and motor proteins, the vesicles pass to the
 Using ___________
Golgi apparatus
________ ___________ where they fuse.
modified through the addition of sugars
 The protein may be _________
prior to release.
 The protein is enclosed in another vesicle and passes to the
plasma membrane.
membrane releasing the protein
 The vesicle fuses with the ___________,
exocytosis
outside of the cell by ____________.
 Honor’s
HELPFUL HINT

Part of your success in the

last question depended upon
you making associations
between key structures like
the cisternae and the
endoplasmic reticulum. Being
able to link structures with
organelles is a key skill so
let’s test this a little further
Round 5 is going to see
how can be the first to
make those links as play
the “WORD
ASSOCIATION” game
 The WORD ASSOCIATION game
The rules of this round are very simple.
A key structure or function will appear
on the board which is associated with
a particular organelle. As soon as you
know the name of this organelle, buzz
in and if you’re correct, you will get 2
TEAM POINTS
 CRISTAE

Mitochondria
 PRODUCTION OF
rRNA

Nucleolus
 AEROBIC
RESPIRATION

Mitochondria
 THYLAKOIDS

Chloroplast
 TRANSLATION

Ribosome
 CIRCULAR LOOP
OF DNA

Plasmid
 CISTERNAE

Endoplasmic
reticulum
 CONTAIN DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES

Lysosomes
 MODIFIES
PROTEINS

Golgi apparatus
 SPINDLE
FIBRES

Centrioles
 TONOPLAST

Vacuole
 STROMA

Chloroplast
 SYNTHESISE
LIPIDS

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
 MATRIX

Mitochondria
 HAPLOID IN
GAMETES

Nucleus
 By using the associations
that you’ve just made,
answer question 1 only on
your worksheet
mitochondria

ribosome

chloroplast

centrioles

nucleus
  The mitochondria is usually rod-shaped, 1µm wide and up to 7 µm long
 The ribosome is a rounded organelle, approximately 25nm in diameter
 Chloroplasts are disc-shaped structures, about 1µm wide and up to 7 µm
long.

Maintain the consistency of size by converting the

diameter of a ribosome from nm to µm (1 mark)

25 ÷ 1000 = 0.025 µm
State the function of the
organelle which is
indicated with the arrow
Let’s try this one together..

This organelle has a

The labelled
membrane which
organelle is within
appears to have
the nucleus so it
pores within it.
must be the
Therefore this is
nucleolus
likely to be the
nucleus

The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins

and rRNA
 Now answer
question 2 on your
worksheet
 nucleus

mitochondria
 Now
The challenge
12 organelles your
that were knowledge
named of
during the “Word
association” game are listed below but one of them is
the ultrastructure shownof a prokaryotic cell
in red.
Explain why this organelle has been singled out (1 mark)
by labelling the cell on your
worksheet.
mitochondria, nucleolus, ribosome, chloroplast, plasmid, vacuole, rER,
sER, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, lysosomes

The plasmid is the only organelle in the

If you think you will find this difficult, list that is
found in a prokaryotic cell but not in an eukaryotic
ask for a worksheet cell labelled STARS
 cell membrane

plasmid

nucleoid

cell wall

pili

flagellum
capsule mesosome

ribosome cytoplasm
Only prokaryotic cells like bacteria
have flagella.
Sperm cells are
eukaryotic and
they have a
Is this correct? Back up any
flagellum
discussions with an example
 The 6th and final round
will challenge whether
you can define some of
the key words in Topic 3
as you are challenged to
“TAKE THE HOTSEAT”
THE
A This is a team competition that runs against the clock.
RULES
You must choose one of your team to represent you
K and they will take the HOTSEAT, facing away from the
board. Behind them, 4 key words will appear. It is the
E job of the remaining players in the team to describe
S
these words BIOLOGICALLY, to get the main player to
say each of the words. You have a maximum of 2
E
minutes to get all four. There will be time additions for
any descriptions that are not Scientific and would not
be worthy of an exam definition answer!
GOOD LUCK A
HOT
 asexual reproduction

 cortical reaction

 tissues

 membrane-bound
organelles
 acrosome reaction

 diploid

 stem cell

 mRNA
 pluripotency

 cortical reaction

 daughter cells

 zona pellucida
 epigenetics

 organ systems

 totipotency

 poles