Marian college of architecture and planning | cost effective design

COST EFFECTIVENESS IN
COMPOSITE CLIMATE

A case study on Madhya Pradesh and New Delhi

SUBMITTED BY:
1.Vrinda Pradeep
2.Chelsa James
3.Liss Maria Sunny
4.Renita Joseph Periera
5.Manuel S A
6.Ammu Pradeep Kumar
7.Vinila Vincent

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 Composite
Climate
Composite climate
display characteristics
such as
 hot & dry
 warm & humid
 cold climates

characteristics change from

season to season alternating
between long hot, dry
periods to shorter periods of
concentrated rainfall & high
humidity.

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planning | cost effective design
 Composite
climate in India
• The composite zone covers the
central part of
• India being a tropical country,
most of design decisions would
pertain to cooling.
• In India ,
– It has a very hot and dry
summer, followed by a humid
season with monsoon rains.
– With the departure of the
monsoon it gradually becomes
comfortable in autumn, followed
by a short winter with the cloudy
and wet as well as sunny periods.
– Before the summer returns there
is a comfortable but short spring
season.

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 Climate details
• This region receives strong winds
during monsoons from the south-
east and dry cold winds from the
north-east.
• In summer, the winds are hot and
dusty.
CLIMATE DETAILS
• The sky is overcast and dull in the Summer temperature : 32-45°C (daytime)
monsoon, clear in winter and
27-32°C (night
frequently hazy in summer.
time)
• Generally, composite regions
experience higher humidity levels
during monsoons than hot and dry Winter temperature : 10-25°C (daytime)
zones. 04-10°C (night
• The design criteria are more or less time)
the same as for hot and dry
climate except that maximizing Precipitation : varies btwn 500-
cross ventilation is desirable in the 1300mm/yr
monsoon period. Relative
Marian college of architecture and humidity:
planning 20-25% in dry periods
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 Design Criteria
Objectives
Resist heat gain in summer
and heat loss in winter
• Increase thermal resistance.
• Increase Thermal capacity
• Increase Buffer space
• Decrease air exchange rate.
• Increase shading.
• Increase surface reflectivity
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Solutions
• Decrease exposed surface
area.
• Orientation of the building.
• Roof& wall insulation
• Thicker wall
• Trees and Shaded Balconies
• Weather stripping
• Walls ,glass surfaces
protected by overhangs
• Pale colour
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 Objective
Promote heat loss in Solution
summer or monsoon
• Ventilation of appliances • Provide exhaust
• Increase air exchange (Artificial)
rate • Courtyards and wind
towers or fenestration
• Increase humidity level in • Trees and Water ponds
Dry summer for evaporative cooling
• Decrease humidity in • Dehumidifier
Monsoon

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 Orientation of the building

• In composite climate the orientation

of the building of the building is
preferable in North-east and south
west direction.
• This help in receiving less radiation
which result in lesser heat gain &
reduces the overall air conditioning
requirement and thus saves energy.

Form and planning

• Open central courtyard spaces.
• Orientation should take advantage
of the prevailing breeze during the
short periods during humid climate.
• Moderate dense, low rise structure
will shade the outdoor spaces.
• Mutual sharing of external walls.
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 Marian college of architecture and planning
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 Roofs and walls Winter (day)
• Roofs and external walls Roof top gains
heat
should be constructed of
solid masonry or
concrete to have a 9-
12hour time lag in heat
transmission. Summer (day)
Roof top with
• Heat resisting insulation reflective
on the external surface surface.
of walls and roof.
Winter (night)
Roof top
ROOF insulated and
Roof pond system/controlled radiate heat
inside.
by external movable
insulation. Summer (night)
Radiates heat to
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 Openings Courtyards
Orientation of buildings is
determined by 2 factors
suitable:
• Towards the breeze
prevailing during the
warm humid season to
utilize its cooling effect.
• Towards the sun during
cold season, to utilize
the heating effect of
radiation entering
through the windows.
• Large opening in
opposite walls are
suitable which helps in
cross ventilation.

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 Marian college of architecture and planning
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 MADHYA PRADESH-Climate
• Madhya Pradesh is a resource
deficient semi-arid region with
75 per cent of population
residing in rural areas.
• This region is highly prone to
acute water shortage and
drought.
• The intensity of solar radiation
is very high in summer.
• Maximum heat gain takes
place through the roof when
the temperature peaks
between 2 and 3 pm.
• The region receives strong
winds during monsoons from
the south-east and dry cold
winds from the north-east.

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 Building Construction
Practices
• Buildings in Madhya Pradesh have been
traditionally made by Stone and brick, because
of abundance of natural stone and clay.
• The foundation is usually made of random
rubble which is abundantly available locally.
• The walling again shows the application of
random or ashlar rubble.
• However, country made clamp fired bricks are
used in equal amount at places where soil is less
rocky and clay is available.

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 • In roofing, country tiles
and sandstone on steel
girders has been
predominantly used.
• However, local village
level clamp burnt
bricks and tiles placed
overlapping on
wooden under
structure is typically
used to construct
houses in least cost,
but resulting in high
embodied energy at
the dwelling unit level.

• Majority of buildings in the rural areas are built in loadbearing construction techniques using bricks
in lean cement or mud mortar and/or stone masonry, often laid dry.
• Within this structural system, arches are frequently used as spanning elements in many districts of
Madhya Pradesh.

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3/4/2020
ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING
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 GENERAL
• Location - 6km from the center of Indore city, M.P.
• Client- Indore Development Authority
• Principal Architect - Balkrishna Doshi
• Structural Engineer - M/s Stein Doshi &Bhalla, New
Delhi
• Total Built-up Area -100,000 m2
• Project Cost - Rs. 100 Million
• Year of completion – 1989

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 Introduction
• Aranya, 6 kilometers from Indore, will eventually house a
total population of 60,000 in 6500 dwellings, on a net
planning area of 85 hectares.
• The ideological basis for planning Aranya has been the
following:

• Vitality
• Imageability
• Equity
• Efficiency
• Flexibility
• Feasibility

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 Climate responsive features
• Each house has minimum surface exposure.
This reduces the heat gain by the house
during the hot summer.

• The houses are oriented with longer side in

north-south axis in order to reduce the solar
gain.
• The buildings are close to each such that
they shade the public spaces in between
the houses.

• The streets remain

half shaded thus
help in reducing the
heat gain and
provides shade for
common spaces.
Section through the street
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 ● The openings at
the front and back
of the houses
helps for
maximum air flow
thus improving the
ventilation.
● They also use jalis
for air flow.
PLAN

3/4/2020 SECTION
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 Materials and building techniques
• The Project site had black
cotton soil prone to shrinking
and swelling with moisture.
Small diameter shallow piles
with poured concrete was used,
which made for very
inexpensive foundation.
• The Piles were cross connected
at plinth level through concrete
beams on which regular load
bearing masonry walls rested.
• For Most Income Groups, only a
house plot was sold.
• The lower-income Groups were
given several options that
included a site and plinth, a
service core and one room,
depending on how much they
could afford.

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• ROOFING : RCC slab plastered and
painted.
• EXTERIOR FINISHES : bright colour
in the facade, railing, grills, and
cornices in the houses. The doors,
windows and grills were made by
the residents on site with locally
found materials. the walls were
plastered and painted.
• SEPTIC TANKS AND MANHOLE :
corbelled brick manholes.
• STREETS : the internal roads and
streets are stone paved since they
are not meant for heavy vehicular
loads. only the main roads are
asphalt paved for heavy traffic.

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 SERVICES
SITE AND SERVICE APPROACH-
• Cost-effective
• Progressive development of facilities.
• Houses built by the people themselves
to suit their needs.
• Each family provided with a plot having a
water tank, sewerage connection, paved
access with street lighting, storm water
drainage.
• Water drawn from 3 local reservoirs.
• Houses were clustered in groups of 10.
• To economize,
a. Septic tank provided for every 2
clusters.
b. 20 toilets are connected to1 manhole.
c. One service line serves four rows of
houses

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM-
• Conventional sewerage
system.
• The soil being impermeable
black soil of 2m depth,
conventional sewerage
system was adopted.
• Designed after thorough
analysis of topography –
naturally slopes towards NW.
• Higher income groups, using
more water were located at
high ground level to generate
large flow.
• Lower income groups, using
less water located at lower
ground level.
• This resulted in 10-
15%savings.

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 DRAINAGE SYSTEM-
• Very efficient and facilitates
healthy and clean living.
• Combination of underground
and surface drainage system.
• Underground used for wider
roads
• Surface drainage used for
internal roads
ELECTRICITY-
• High income and middle-
income groups were provided
with overhead cables.
• Economically Weaker
Sections were provided with
underground cables

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 Low cost housing in
Dwarka sec 23
New Delhi

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Low cost housing
in Dwarka sec 23
New Delhi
• The project was under DDA of
Building 2300 housing.
• Total cost was 762.3 crores.
• All housing complexes will have
ameneties like grocery shops,
parks, Community centers ,
Chowkidar hut, parking spaces
and anganwadi centres in each
block.

Dwaraka
Sector 23
N
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 Introduction to
various aspects of
cost reductions
•optimum utilization of land.
•functional design of buildings
•optimum use of building
materials
•rationalization of

choice of materials
specifications the •sustainable use of local materials.

Factors affecting
construction site at dwarka • availability of skilled labour.
sec 23 . •scale of construction
•proper scheduling of works •Cost variation with alternative materials
•availability of power
the project is under DDA of
•disaster resistant requirements
building 2300 housing .
•environmental aspects
•new construction materials •typology based on geo climatic conditions
and techniques
The total =Rs. 762.3 corers

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 •The units are essentially 2 room unit
with separate W.C and bath cubicle
and kitchen with a sit out balcony.
•Typology- walk-up units of five floors.
•Total building height less than 15 m.
•1 stair for 4 units at each level & M.S
ladder to the roof.

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 COST EFFECTIVE
TECHNIQUES :
● Self supporting ready-made
components are used, so the need for
formwork, shuttering and scaffolding
are greatly reduced.
ASSEMBLY OF CONCRETE ● Construction time are reduced and the
PRECAST
FRAMES
BLOCK WALLING buildings are completed sooner.
● On site construction and congestion
are minimized.
● Quality control are done in factory
assembly which is easier rather than
construction site setting.
● Prefabrication are located and done by
few skilled labours, reducing the costs
of labour, power, materials etc.
● Less waste may occur.
COLUMN BEAM JUNCTION
● Advanced materials such as sandwich
structured composite can be easily
used, improving thermal, sound
insulation and airtightness. 30
 SITE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

RAFT FOUNDATION PRECAST SLABS

PRECAST HOLLOW COLUMNS PRECAST STAIRCASE

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COMPARISON
• Reduced cost by using • Reduced cost by using
local materials such as precast components thus
brick, stone and cement. saving time,labour,
• Climatic responsive power and materials.
structure. • Increasing population of
residence Per area by
introduction of high rise
apartment typology
ARANYA LOW
COST HOUSING – DWARKA SEC 23 -
MADHYA NEW DELHI
PRADESH

SIMILARITIES:
● Complex forms were not used rather it is designed in regular shapes such as square and
rectangle.
● Plinth area was reduced by using thinner walls.
● Provided with opening on opposite sides of the structures which permits light and cross
ventilation.
● Public squares and small activities are sufficiently shaded by the adjacent buildings and trees.
● Less waste occured.
● Inexpensive foundation.

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 Cost reduction techniques

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