Histology Lecture Questionnaire

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AHEAD.

ENJOY!
It protects the cns from injury?

– Skull, vertebral column, CSF, meninges

 Group of organs that enables us to respond to
change in the internal and external environment?

– Nervous system
Compose of brain and spinal cord?

– Central nervous system

_______ made up of closely packed cells that are
separated by very little amount of ___________.

– Nervous tissue; intracellular substance

Nervous tissue arises from _______.

– Embryonic ectoderm
 What compose of PNS?

– Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves

Controls involuntary movement?

– Autonomic system
Controls voluntary movement?

– Somatic system
 In what week?

– 3rd week
Are typical of the cerebral cortex?

– Pyramidal neurons
 Glial is from the word?

– glue
It is the environmental changes?

– stimuli
The function units of nervous tissue?

– Neurons
 Size of the neurons?

– 5-150 um in diameter
Characteristic of the ventral gray matter of the spinal
cord and of the motor nuclei of the brain stem

– stellate neurons
2 kinds of CNS and PNS nerve tissue?

– Neurons
– Glial cells
 _______ is flask-shape neurons that gives off dendrite that
arborizes like a tree are seen in the middle layer of the _______.

– Purkinje cells; cerebellar cortex

Neurons cell body also called as?

– Perikaryon or soma
They receive stimuli and transmit impulse
towards the cns?

– Sensory neurons
They transmit impulses from CNS to effector
cells?

– Motor neurons
 They convey impulses from neurons to
another?

– Interneurons
_____________ perceived consciously ( eg.
From ___, ____, ____ and _____)

– Somatic sensory input; eyes, ears, skin,

musculoskeletal structures
__________ not perceived consciously. (eg.
From ______ and ______)

– Visceral sensory input; internal organs and

cardiovascular structure
 Afferent neurons?

– Sensory division/ sensory neurons

Most common neurons by its classification.

– Multipolar neuron
 Efferent neurons?

– Motor division/ motor neurons

_____ motor output controlled consciously or
voluntarily (eg. By ____________)

– Somatic; skeletal muscle effector

 ______ motor output not controlled
consciously ( eg. By ____ or ______)

– Autonomic; heart or gland effector

 Autonomic motor nerves often called
________.

– autonomic nervous system

 Neurolemma?

– Cell membrane
 It is rarely present in adults.

– unipolar
 3 main parts of neurons?

– Cell body, dendrites, axon

Which contains the nucleus and most of the
cell organelles and serves as the synthetic
or thropic center for the entire neuron.

– Cell body
_____are the numerous elongated processes extending from the perikaryom
and specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called
_____.

– Dendrites; synapses
 Detoxifies substances form the blood,
maintaining blood brain barrier

• Astrocytes
____ is a single long process ending at synapses specialized to generate and
conduct nerve impulses to other cells.

– Axon
When only one process, an axon is present.

– unipolar
 Produce cerebrospinal fluid

– Ependymal cells
 _____ has one dendrites and one axon,
compromise the sensory neurons of ____,
_____, and the _____.

– Bipolar neuron; retina, olfactory epithelium and

the inner ear
When a single process, morphologically an
axon, leaves the body, but some bifurates.

– Pseudounipolar
 Each with one axon and two or more
dendrites.

– Multipolar neuron
 Sensory neurons are ______.

– afferent
 Motor neurons are ______.

– Efferent
Nerves under voluntary control and typically
innervate skeletal muscle.

– Somatic motor nerve

 Controls the involuntary or unconscious activities
of glands cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle.

– Autonomic motor nerve

_____ establish relationships among neurons

– Interneurons
Most neural perikarya occurs in the ______,
with their axon concentrated in the _______.

– Gray matter; white matter

 A slowly progressing disorder affecting muscular activity characterized by
tremors, reduced activity of the facial muscle, loss of balance, and postural
stiffness

– Parkinsons disease
 Chromatophilic substances

– Nissl bodies
They synthesize protein component of the
neurotransmitter

– Golgi complex
 Numerous in neurons. And they are
abundant in axon terminal

– mitochondria
Help degenerating of neurons by not allowing the accumulation of strong
oxidizing agents. By detoxifying noxious substances

– peroxisome
 Usually located in peripheral area of
perikaryon . Doesn’t have centrioles

– Centrosome
It is formed by 3 types of fibrillar structures.

– Cytoskeleton
Fibrillar structure reffers as_____.

– Neurofibrils
 3 types of neurofibrils?

– Microfilaments, intermediate filaments,

microtubules
 Finest of the fibrillar elements of the
neurons? Also average in _____nm.

– Microfilament ; 5.0 nm
Provide internal support for the cell and fix the diameter
of dendrites and axon. Also abundant in axon

– Intermediate filament / neurofilaments

 Neurofilaments size?

– 10nm
It is the thickest among neurofibrills.

– Microtubules
Play role in the intracellular transport of the
organelles and secretory vesicle

– Microtubules
 Dendron or tree?

– dendrites
Small processes emerging and branching off
the soma.

– Dendrites
Principal signal reception and processing
sites on neurons.

– Dendrites
 Serves a the initial processing sites for
synaptic signals.

• Dendritic spine
In the CNS most synapses on dendrites occur
on _______.

• Dendritic spine
 Provide support in the neurons also
strengthen synapses

– microtubules
Content of axolemma are known as?

– axoplasm
 Size of microtubules?

– 20-28nm
The plasma membrane of the axon?

– Axolemma
___ originate from a pyramid-shaped of the
perikaryon called the ______.

– Axon; axon hillock

Organelles and macromolecules synthesize in the cell body move by ______
along axonal microtubules via _______ from the perikaryon to synaptic
terminals

– Aterograde transport; kinesis

_____ in the opposite direction along microtubules via ____ caries certain
other macromolecules

– Retrograde transport; dynein

Travels along an axon like a spark moves
along an explosive fuse.

– Nerve impulses/ action potential

It contains receptors for neurotransmitter

– Postsynaptic cell membrane

 Are sites where nerve impulses are
transmitted from one neuron to another.

– Synapses
Responsible for the synthesis of myelin in the
neurons of the CNS

– oligodendrocytes
Support neuronal survival and activities, and are 10
times more abundant than neurons in the
mammalian brain

– Glial cell
A 20-30nm wide intercellular space called
______.

– Synaptic cleft
Star-shaped , largest, most numerous and
largest of the glial cells

– Astrocytes
Smallest elongated cells with short irregular
processes

– Microglial cell
It contains mitochondria and numerous
synaptic vesicle

– Presynaptic axon terminal (terminal buoton)

Synapse convert an electrical signal from the
______

– Presynaptic cell
Most synapses acts by releasing _______

– Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters release by ______

– Exocytosis
 Contains receptors for the neurotransmitter, and
ionic channels or other mechanisms to initiate new
impulses?

– Postsynaptic cell membranes

Separates presynaptic and postsynaptic
membranes

– Synaptic cleft
 Neurotransmitters from ____ cause
postsynaptic Na channels to open

– Excitatory synapses
_____ neurotransmitters open Cl or other
anion channels.

– Inhibitory synapses
The chemical transmitter used at neuromascular
junction and some synapses of CNS is ______.

– Acetylcholine
With in the CNS other major categories of
neurotransmitters include the following:

– Amino acids ( glutamate and y-aminobutyrate

(GABA)
– Monoamines (serotonin, catecholamines-
dopamine)
– Polypeptides ( endorphin, substance P.)
Consist of Gap Junctions that enables neighboring neurons to communicate
with each other by allowing the cells to exchange molecules and small ions.

– electrical synapses
The neurons that communicates the impulse
in a chemical synapse is called

– presynaptic neurons
more common than electrical synapses

– chemical synapses
 Neuron that receives the impulse.

– postsynaptic neurons
Brain tumors that are derive from fibrous
astrocytes

– Astrocytomas
With long delicate processes, are abundant
in white matter

– Fibrous astrocytes
With many shorter shorter processes and
predominante in the gray matter

– Protoplasmic astrocytes
 Forming a barrier layer of expanded
protoplasmic processes called _____

– Glial limiting membrane

Common type of dementia in the elderly, affects
both neuronal perikarya and synapses with in the
cerebrum

– Alzheimer’s disease
 Functional defects are due to neurofibrillary
tangles, which are accumulation of tau protein

– Alzheimer’s disease
 are columnar or cuboidal cells that line the
fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the
spinal cord

– Ependymal cell
 Less numerous than oligodendrocytes or astrocytes but nearly
as common as neurons in some CNS regions, small cells with actively mobile processes
evenly distributed
throughout gray and white matter

– microglia
 The myelin sheaths surround
ing axons are damaged by an autoimmune mechanism
that interferes with the activity of the affected neurons and
produces various neurologic problems

– Multiple sclerosis
 sometimes called neurolemmocytes,
are found only in the PNS

– Schwann cells
consists of flattened, mesenchymally derived cells closely
applied to the entire surface of the CNS tissue.

– pia mater
 is a functional barrier that
allows much tighter control than that in most tissues over
the passage of substances moving from blood into the CNS
tissue.

– blood-brain barrier
consists of highly vascular tissue, elab_x0002_orately folded and
projecting into the large ventricles of the
brain

– choroid plexus
A decrease in the absorption of CSF or a blockage of outflow
from the ventricles during fetal or postnatal development

– hydrocephalus
 epi_x0002_thelia, connective tissues, and nervous tissue, is
composed of cells that optimize the universal cell
property of _________

– contractility
 Their contraction is
quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control.

– skeletal muscle
which are unique to cardiac muscle.

– intercalated disc
also has cross-striations and is com_x0002_posed of elongated,
often branched cells bound to one
another at structures

– cardiac muscle
 consists of collections of fusiform
cells which lack striations and have slow, involuntary
contractions.

– smooth muscle
cytoplasm of muscle cell is often called?

– sarcoplasm
the muscle cell membrane and its external lamina
are the

– sarcolemma
 skeletal muscle consist of

– muscle fibers
 an external sheath of dense irregular
connective tissue, surrounds the entire muscle.

– epimysium
 _______ is a thin connective tissue layer that
immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers
termed a ________

– perimysium; fascicle
surrounds the external lamina of individual
muscle fibers.

– endomysium
The sarco_x0002_plasm is highly organized, containing primarily
long cylindrical
filament bundles called_____

– myofibrils
The dark bands on the myofi_x0002_brils are
called____

– A bands
the light bands are called _____

– I band
 The A and I banding pattern in sarcomeres is due mainly
to the regular arrangement of thick and thin _______

– myofilaments
 myofilaments compose of what?

– myosin and F-actin

 a 40-nm-long coil of two polypeptide
chains located in the groove between the two twisted
actin strands

– tropomyosin
 , a complex of three subunits: TnT, which
attaches to tropomyosin; TnC, which binds Ca2+; and
TnI, which regulates the actin-myosin interaction

– troponin
 An important
accessory protein in I bands is_____

– titin
In skeletal muscle fibers the membranous
smooth ER, called

– sarcoplasmic reticulum
 the sarcolemma has tubular
infoldings called

– transverse or T- tubules
which accounts for the rigidity of skeletal
muscles

– rigor mortis
 it is an autoimmune disorder that involves
circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine
receptors.

– Myasthenia gravis
Among the muscle fascicles are stretch detectors
known as

– muscle spindles,
 A ______ is encapsulated by modified perimysium,
with concentric layers of flattened cells, containing intersti_x0002_tial fluid and a few thin
muscle fibers filled with nuclei and
called _______

– muscle spindle; intrafusal fibers

 a large actin-binding protein located just
inside the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers, which
is involved in the functional organization of myofibrils

– Dystrophin
a globular sarcoplasmic protein similar to hemoglobin
which contains iron atoms and allows for O2 storage

– myoglobin
 The junctions between its terminal cisterns
and T-tubules typically involve only one structure of each
type, forming profiles called ______

– dyads
 r tissue damage due to lack of oxygen
when coronary arteries are occluded by heart disease

– ischemia
 is specialized for slow, steady contraction
under the influence of autonomic nerves and various hormones.

– Smooth muscle
 This type of muscle is a major component of blood
vessels and of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts and
their associated organs

– smooth muscle
 Fibers of smooth
muscle also called

– visceral muscle
The fibers consist of separate cells in a series joined at
interdigitating regions called

– intercalated discs
 I band is seen to be bisected by a dark
transverse line called ____

– Z disc
 Transverse regions of these irregular, steplike discs are composed of
many ______ and ________, which
together provide strong intercellular adhesion during the cells’
constant contractile activity

– desmosomes and fascia adherens junctions

 a series of vessels efferent from the heart that
become smaller as they branch into the various organs,
carry blood to the tissues.

– Arteries
 the smallest vessels, are the sites of O2, CO2
,nutrient, and waste product exchange between blood and tissues.

– Capillaries
 capillaries in almost every organ form a complex
network of thin, anastomosing tubules called _____

– microvasculature
result from the convergence of venules into a sys_x0002_tem of
larger channels which continue enlarging as they
approach the heart,

– veins
 the _______ where blood brings nutrients and
removes wastes in tissues throughout the body.

– systemic circulation
the ______ where blood is oxygenated in
the lungs

– pulmonary circulation
 The internal surface of all components of the blood and
lymphatic systems is lined by a simple squamous epithelium called

– endothelium
_____ propel blood to the pulmonary and systemic
circulations, respectively

– ventricles
 ____receive blood from the body and
the pulmonary veins, respectively

• atrium
consists mainly of typically contractile cardiac muscle fibers
arranged spirally around
each heart chamber

– myocardium
 bundles subdivide further into a
subendocardial conducting network of cardiac muscle fibers

– Purkinje fibers
Thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

– endocardium
Middle layer and the thickest layer, mostly cardiac
muscle

• myocardium
 Outer layer, reduces friction

epicardium
is a specialized epithelium that acts as a semipermeable
barrier between two major internal compartments

– endothelium
 occur in the walls of all vessels larger than
capillaries and are arranged helically in layers

– smooth muscle fibers

arteriols supplying a capillary bed typically form smaller

branches called ____

– metarterioles
This is the most common type of capillary and is found in muscle,
connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue.

– Continuous capillaries
 commonly called sinusoids permit maximal exchange of
macromolecules as well as allow easier movement of
cells between tissues and blood

– Discontinuous capillaries
secreted by plasma cells in many locations.

– Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)

the largest plasma protein (340 kD)

– Fibrinogen,
A specialized connective tissue consisting of cells
and fluid extracellular material called

– PLASMA
which includes formed elements and a pale
yellow liquid called

– SERUM
44% of the total blood volume in healthy adults, is called the _____

– HEMATOCRIT
 what is the pH of plasma?

• 7.4
the most abundant plasma protein

– albumin
made by the liver and other cells

– globulins
 pH of erythrocyte?

• 7.35- 7.45 slightly alkaline

The normal concentration of erythrocytes in
blood (women)?

• 3.9-5.5 million per microliter

The normal concentration of erythrocytes in
blood (men)?

• 4.1-6.0 million/μL
in small vessel RBC also ofter stack up in
loose aggregates called

– rouleaux
Human erythrocytes normally survive in the
circulation for about____ ?

– 120days
 condition of having a concentration of
erythrocytes below the normal range

– anemia
 granules are called?

– azurophilic granules
lack specific granules, but do contain some
azurophilic granules

– agranulocytes
Between the sedimented erythrocytes and the supernatant light-
colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes and platelets called

– buffy coat
 caused by a homozygous mutation causing an amino acid
substitution in hemoglobin, which renders the mature RBCs
deformed and slightly rigid and can lead to
capillary blockage.

– sickle cell anemia

Type nucleus specific granules differential count life span major function

granulocytes

neutrophils faint/ light pink 1-4 days

bilobed 1-2 weeks kill helminthic and other

parasite; modulate local
inflammation

basophils several months modulate inflammation;

release histamine during
allergy

agranulocytes

none 20-40 hrs- years effector and regulatory

cellsfor adaptive
immunity

monocyte none hrs-yrs precursors of

macrophages and other
mononuclear phagocytic
cells
Type nucleus specific granules differential count life span major function

granulocytes

neutrophils 3-4 lobes faint/ light pink 50-70 1-4 days kill and phagocytose
bacteria

eosinophils bilobed red/ dark pink 1-4 1-2 weeks kill helminthic and
other parasite;
modulate local
inflammation

basophils bilobed or S-shaped dark blue/ purple 0.5-1 several months modulate
inflammation; release
histamine during
allergy

agranulocytes

lymphocytes rather spherical none 20-40 hrs- years effector and regulatory
cellsfor adaptive
immunity

monocyte intended or C-shape none 2-8 hrs-yrs precursors of

macrophages and
other mononuclear
phagocytic cells
Repair of injured tissues, specifically leaving the microvasculature in injured
or infected tissues. At such sites factors termed ______

– cytokines
First leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection

– neutrophils
neutrophils actively pursue bacterial cells
using

– chemotaxis
which generates hypochlorite and other
agents toxic to bacteria

– Myeloperoxidase
which degrades components of bacterial cell
walls

– Lysozyme
small cysteine-rich proteins that bind and disrupt the cell membranes of
many types of bacteria and other microorganisms

– Defensins
Eosinophils modulate inflammatory responses by
releasing

– chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators

 primary agggation of platelet?

– Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium

– platelet plug is formed
second aggregation of platelet

– Platelets in the plug release a specific adhesive

glycoprotein and ADP
– increase the size of platelet plug
 The clot initially bulges into the blood
vessel lumen, but soon contracts slightly due to the activ_x0002_ity of
platelet-derived actin and myosin.

– Clot retraction
promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears
or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels

– platelet
 Normal platelet counts range

– 150,000 to 400,000/μL
 platelet life span?

– 10 days
platelets originate by separation from the ends of cytoplasmic processes
extending from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called ______

– megakaryocytes
major classes of lyphocyte includes:

– B lymphocyte, helper and cytotoxic T lyphocytes

(CD8, CD4), natural killer cells
mature lymphocytes can be subdivided into functional groups by distinctive
surface molecules called ___________

– “cluster of differentiation” or CD markers

a sudden drop in blood pressure, and other effects
comprising a potentially lethal condition called

– anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock.

semidigested material, and tissue-fluid form a
viscous, usually yellow collection of fluid called

– pus
The strong basophilia of the granules is due to the
presence of ___

– heparin
catalyzes an initial step in producing lipid-derived
proinflammatory factors called ______

– leukotrienes.
 group of disorders involving neoplastic proliferation of
lymphocytes or the failure of these cells to undergo apoptosis.

– Lymphomas
 Protected by the clot, the endothelium
and surrounding tunic are restored by new tissue

– Clot removal
the most abundant type of leukocyte

– neutrophils
have bilobed nuclei and specific granules containing factors for
destruction of helminthic parasites and for modulating
inflammation.

– Eosinophils
the rarest type of circulating leukocyte

– basophil
agranulocytes with many functions as T- and B-cell
subtypes in the immune system,

– Lymphocytes
are larger agranulocytes with distinctly indented or
C-shaped nuclei

– monocytes
Which cell type has cytoplasmic granules that
contain heparin and histamine?

– basophil
What cell in circulating blood is the precursor to
microglia and most antigen-presenting cells?

– monocyte
 DISCLAIMER!
• Dili tanan information naa (not all are present. HAHAHAHA.
yawa basa libro)

ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ARE MADE BY HEART,

BY LOVE AND BY SHITS. STUDY WELL. STAY
HYDRATED. GOD BLESS!

2A SEEEEEEEEETTTT?!

-neil