DEVELOPMENT OF SOLVER FOR VIBRATING BLUFF

BODIES WITH DIFFERENT GEOMETRICAL SHAPES

By

MD. ABU SHAHZER

Mohd. Athar Khan
Syed Fahad Anwer

Computational Aerodynamic Laboratory

Z.H.C.E.T
A.M.U
 INDEX
1: Introduction 3: Validation
• What? • Circular Cylinder
• How? • Square Cylinder
• Applications • Elliptic Cylinder
• Conclusion of Literature review 4: Conclusion
• Objective 5: References
• Problem Description
2: Numerical Methodology
• Governing Equation
• Grid Structure
• Numerical scheme
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
 Vibrations are oscillations (periodic motion) that repeat within a time period

 Vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line

 Vortex induced vibrations are motions induced on bodies facing an external

flow by periodical irregularities on this flow

 When fluid flows past a bluff body at certain Re , an oscillating flow is

generated on the downstream side of the body, known as vortex shedding flow

 In this flow vortices detach periodically from either side of the body

 Shedding vortices are of various types defined in various literatures

 INTRODUCTION

 Alternate vortices are shedding from each side of the body as shown in the above

figure

 These Shedding vortices exert periodic forces (Lift, Drag & Moment) on the body

 Causes the body to oscillate in transverse direction, in-line direction as well as It

can rotate the body

 INTRODUCTION
 When the vortex shedding frequency becomes equal to the natural frequency

of the structure, structural fails due to resonance

 The VIV can also cause the structure to fail due to fatigue failure

 Because of the long term cycling loading and the high strain and stress

 One of the most known failure due to VIV was Tacoma bridge failure in 1940
 INTRODUCTION
 Thus to reduce these vibrations a reduction technique must be needed in

turn a thorough study of VIV is essential

 VIV finds its application in various engineering fields

Heat Exchanger Tubes Riser Tube bringing oil from seabed

 INTRODUCTION
 It is important to the design of engineering structures such as bridges and

chimney stacks, marine and land vehicles

Suspension Bridges Marine and Land Vehicles

 INTRODUCTION
Conclusion from Literature Review
 Extensive research of VIV of circular and square cylinder have been carried out
by many researchers

 Details of these researches could be seen in review papers of Sarpkaya (1979),

Bearman (1984), Govardhan (2004)

 Most of the available literatures are associated with VIV of Circular and Square

Cylinders with in-line and transverse degrees of freedom (DOF)

 Few works in literature are available incorporating the rotational DOF also

 Wang et al. (2019) investigated the effect of rotational DOF on elliptic cylinder

 So, effect of rotational DOF on VIV has a wider scope to work on

 OBJECTIVE

 We have following objectives of our study

 Develop a numerical solver to compute the VIV responses of a bluff body

with both transverse and rotational degrees of freedom

 Validate the solver with available literatures for;

• Circular cylinder

• Square cylinder

• Elliptic cylinder
 Problem Description

Figure: Problem definition: Boundary Conditions & Schematic of Flow

Domain of a bluff body with both transverse and rotational DOF
 Problem Description
 The external flow over the bluff body investigated numerically

 The body can vibrate only in transverse direction or in both transverse and

azimuthal directions

 Springs are assumed to be linear have the same natural frequencies (f n1 = fn2 = fnθ)

 Damping ratios are also same (ξ1 = ξ2 = ξθ)

 Area of the ellipse is fixed A = πab

where a and b denote the x and y semi-axes, respectively.

 Ellipse’s equivalent diameter is D=2√ab

 Aspect ratio is defined as AR = b/a.

 Mathematical Model
and
Numerical Methodology
 Mathematical Model
 
 Equations of Flow
 An incompressible, laminar, unsteady and viscous flow of a
homogeneous Newtonian fluid is considered

Continuity:
[Dimensionalized-form]
Momentum: ρ

 Scales selected for Non-dimensiionalization:

 Mathematical Model
   Non-dimensionalized form of flow equaitons:

Continuity:
Momentum:
 Rigid Body Motion
 Dimensional form of vibrational equation:

 Subscript “i” indicates the motion direction (i=1 Transverse, i=2 Azimuthal direction)
 , and =
 = , and translational displacements y and angular displacement θ
 = (lift force) and = (torque)
 Mathematical Model
 Scales selected for Non-dimensiionalization:

  The equation of the body dynamics can be non-dimensionalized as:

 damping ratios, reduced velocities and mass ratio

 is the moment of inertia ratio
 Non-dimensional forces and are the drag, lift and moment coefficient
 Mathematical Model
•   

  𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑑 (𝑎2 +𝑏2 )

𝐼¿ ,θ = 2 [For Elliptical Cylinder]
4 𝐷
 NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY
 
 Grid Structure

 Structured body fitted non orthogonal mesh is developed for solving the flow

 The body fitted co-ordinates ξ (x,y) and η (x,y) are chosen as to satisfy the
Laplacian equations in the physical domain so called elliptic O-type grid:

=0
1 1

0.9
=0 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5
y

y
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x x
NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY

Figure: Body fitted grid for an elliptic cylinder

 NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY
 Transformed Non-dimensional form of Governing equations in body fitted
coordinate system
 Continuity:

 x-Momentum:

 y-Momentum:

 Coefficients appearing in the above equations are same as calculated by

Anwer et al. (2009)
 NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY
 Numerical Scheme
 Semi implicit, pressure correction (SMAC) type scheme
 The flow field is marched forward in time using a two-step predictor-corrector
approach
 Finite difference type of spatial discretization is used.
 Viscous terms are implicitly solved using Crank-Nicolson time stepping
 Spatial terms are fourth order accurate, near boundary it is second order
 Convective terms are hybrid differenced using third order upwind and
fourth order central while they are in second order near boundaries
 Flow is computed using mesh movement algorithm on structured body fitted
grid {Anwer et al. (2009)}
 Body is tracked by mapping physical plane to computational plane at every time
step
 NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY

 Boundary conditions
 At solid wall no slip and no penetration is employed for velocity
 At inflow velocity condition are specified
 At outflow velocity is specified as described in Hasan et al (2005).
 ∂p’/∂n =0 zero at solid boundary, pressure is computed utilizing the
momentum equation in the normal direction
 At outflow (p’) is zero, pressure is computed from the pressure correction
while at the inflow and at the solid boundaries the pressure is updated by
utilizing the momentum equation in the normal direction
Validation
 VALIDATION
 
 Circular Cylinder
 The solver for circular cylinder is validated with the literatures at =150, =2
and ξ = 0.01

  Ur=3 4 5 6 7 8

Present Study 0.069 0.572 0.556 0.486 0.403 0.081

Wang et al. (2016) 0.073 0.575 0.539 0.480 0.399 0.080

Bao et al. (2012) 0.066 0.568 0.550 0.477 0.394 0.083

Table: Comparison of results of ymax displacement of circular cylinder

 VALIDATION
 
 Square Cylinder
 The solver for square cylinder is validated with the literatures at =2 and ξ = 0

Maximum Displacement at =1

Re Sanjay Mittal (2015) Present

61 0.3032 0.345

100 0.105 0.109

Table: Comparison of results of ymax displacement of square cylinder

 VALIDATION
 
 Elliptic Cylinder
 The solver for elliptic cylinder is validated with the literatures at =10, ξ = 0.003
and Re = 150
  Ur=3 4 5 6 7 10

Present Study 0.017 0.508 0.987 1.226 0.403 0.150

Wang et al.
0.018 0.589 0.991 1.445 0.399 0.145
(2019)

Table: Comparison of results of ymax (1DOF) of elliptic cylinder

 VALIDATION
  Ur=2 4 5 6

Present
0.007 0.135 0.410 0.56
Study

Wang et al.
0.0076 0.162 0.369 0.533
(2019)

Table: Comparison of results of ymax (2DOF) of elliptic cylinder

  Ur=2 4 5 6

Present
0.008 0.415 0.520 0.589
Study

Wang et al.
0.010 0.326 0.40 0.567
(2019)

Table: Comparison of results of θmax (2DOF) of elliptic cylinder

 VALIDATION

Figure: Verification of VIV responses of an elliptic cylinder (a) Variations of

vibrational amplitudes (b) Frequency analysis
 VALIDATION

Figure: Instantaneous vortex patterns for 1-DOF at various reduced velocities

 CONCLUSION

 The VIV responses are investigated for various types of cylinders

(circular, square and elliptic) at various fixed parameters

 The results obtained in this study are in good agreement with available

literatures

 Further the work can be extended for the study of various phenomenon

associated with VIV

 REFERENCES
[1] P. W. Bearman, Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 16, 195
(1984)
[2]. C. Wang, H. Tang, F. Duan, S.C.M. Yu, Control of wakes and vortex-induced vibrations of a
single circular cylinder using synthetic jets, J Fluid Struct 60 (2016) 160–179
[3] Huakun Wang, Qiu Zhai, Kaixiao Chen, 2018. Vortex-induced vibrations of an elliptic cylinder
with both transverse and rotational degrees of freedom, Journal of Fluids and Structures 84 (2019)
36–55.
[4] Syed Fahad Anwer, Nadeem Hasan,Sanjeev Sanghi, S. Mukherjee, Computation of unsteady
flows with moving boundaries using body fitted curvilinear moving grids, J Computers and
Structures 87 (2009) 691–700.
[5] K.-S. Chang and J.-Y. Sa, The effect of buoyancy on vortex shedding in the near wake of a
circular cylinder, J. Fluid Mech. 220, 253 (1990).
[6] S. Sen, S. Mittal, Effect of mass ratio on free vibrations of a square cylinder at low Reynolds
numbers, J. Fluids Struct. (2015).
[7] N. Hasan and R. Ali, Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed convective fows
past circular and square cylinders, Phys. Fluids 25, 053603 (2013).
[8] Hasan N, Anwer SF, Sanghi S. On the outflow boundary condition for external incompressible
flows: a new approach. J Comput Phys 2005;206:661–83.
[10] Y. Bao, C. Huang, D. Zhou, Two-degree-of-freedom flow-induced vibrations on isolated and
tandem cylinders with varying natural frequency ratios, J Fluid Struct 35 (2012) 50–75.
Thank You