Foundations of Group

Behavior
 Defining and
Classifying Groups
Command Groups
Formal
Task Groups

Interest Groups
Informal
Friendship Groups
Stages of Group Development
Prestage I Stage I Stage II
Forming Storming

Stage III Stage IV Stage V

Norming Performing Adjourning
 Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
(High) Performance

Phase 2
First
Completion
Meeting
Transition
Phase 1

(Low) Time
A (A+B)/2 B
 Sociometry and Analyzing
Group Interaction
• Social networks • Cliques

• Clusters • Stars

• Isolates • Liaisons

• Coalitions • Bridges

• Emergent clusters • Prescribed clusters

 Group Behavior Model
Group
Group
Member
Task
Resources

External Performance
Group
Conditions and
Processes
Satisfaction

Group
Structure
 External Conditions
Imposed on the Group

• Overall strategy • Employee selection

• Authority structures • Evaluation-rewards

• Formal regulations • Culture

• Resources • Work setting

 The Resources
of Group Members

Knowledge,
Personality
Skills, and
Characteristics
Abilities
Formal Group Leadership

Supervisor
Project
Leader Foreman

Task Force Department

Head Committee Manager
Chair
Identity Expectations

Group
Roles
Conflict Perception
Performance Appearance

Group
Norms
Resources Arrangement
Conformity to Group Norms

 Studies by Solomon Asch 

X A B C
Status in the Group

Norms Equity

Culture
 Size of the Group
• Small groups

• Large groups

• Social loafing

• Individual effort
 The Composition
of the Group

Diversity Demography Cohorts

 Cohesiveness-Productivity Relationship
Cohesiveness
High Low
Performance Norms

High Moderate
High
Productivity Productivity

Low Moderate to Low

Low
Productivity Productivity
 Effects of Group Processes
Process
ProcessGains
Gains

Synergy
Synergy

Potential
Potential Potential
Potential
Group
Group Group
Group
Effectiveness
Effectiveness Effectiveness
Effectiveness

Process
ProcessLosses
Losses

Social
SocialLoafing
Loafing
 Requirements
Requirements
Group
Group
Tasks
Tasks
Complexity
Complexity

Moderating
Moderating the
the
Size-Performance
Size-Performance
Relationship
Relationship Interdependence
Interdependence
 Group Decision Making

Advantages Disadvantages

 More Diversity of Views  Dominant Individuals

 Increased information  Unclear Responsibility

 Higher-quality decisions  Time and money costs

 Improved Commitment  Conformity pressures

Accuracy Creativity

Group Effectiveness
and Efficiency

Speed Acceptance
Group Decision Making

Groupthink Groupshift
Understanding Work
Teams
 Why Have Teams
Become So Popular?
• Performance on complex tasks

• Utilization of employee talents

• Flexibility and responsiveness

• Motivational properties
 Comparing Work Groups and Work Teams
Work Groups Work Teams

Share information Goal Collective performance

Neutral (may be negative) Synergy Positive

Individual Accountability Individual and mutual

Random and varied Skills Complementary

Problem- Self-
Solving Managed

Types of
Teams

Cross-
Virtual
Functional
 When Will Teams
Outperform Individuals?

Task Purpose
Complexity and Goals

Interdependence
 Work
Design

Composition
The Team
Effectiveness
Context Model

Process
 Work Design

• Autonomy
• Skill variety
• Task identity
• Task significance
 Ability Personality

Roles and
Diversity Composition Size

Preference
Flexibility
for Teams
 Key Roles on Teams

Adviser Linker Creator

Promoter Assessor Organizer

Producer Controller Maintainer

 Context

• Reward systems
• Adequate resources
• Performance evaluation
• Leadership and structure
 Teamwork Processes

Common
Purpose

Specific Social
Efficacy
Goals Loafing

Conflict
 Turning Individuals
Into Team Players

Selection Training Rewards

 Contemporary Issues
in Managing Teams

Total Quality Workforce

Management Diversity

Mature Teams
Analisis video berikut tentang keberhasilan dan kegagalan
teamwork yang ada, dan apakah muncul peran leadership
pada video tersebut.