Physical transport phenomena 2

Lecture 9

Jun Yue
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
December 2019
Learning
Learning objectives
objectives

2
 Learning objectives
Acquire knowledge and insights into the basic principles of complex
transport phenomena and the practical application of the theory.

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

(1) Apply the general conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy to
describe the evolution of a physical/chemical system in time and 3-
dimensional space.

(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and
bulk fluid properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion
coefficients in simple and complex systems.

(3) Solve physical transport equations to make quantitative assessments of the

flow, heat and mass transfer performance in simple and complex systems.

(4) Develop their critical thinking and engineering skills in problem analysis and
solving.
3
 o o n o cas ys
Als
Learning objectives

4
 Learning objectives
(1) Apply the general conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy to describe the
evolution of a physical/chemical system in time and 3-dimensional space.
Example
Storage of radioactive material underground
The firm “Dump Unlimmited” wants to store an amount of radioactive
material with a rest activity (= heat production) of 0.5 kW underground in
layers of rock salt. The rock salt has a temperature of 10 oC. For protection
and for temperature regulation, the active material is first melted into a
large ball of glass. The active material is uniformly distributed over the
glass ball, so the heat production is also uniform everywhere in the ball. In
the salt layers, it is assumed that the ball is surrounded at all sides by the
salt and that the salt layers are infinitely large.
Example
a. Give an expression for the temperature profile in the salt layer. Storage of radioactive material underground
Solution part a heat flow in = heat flow out
b. Give an expression for the temperature profile in the ball.
c. Calculate the minimum diameter of the ball if the temperature in the T1 dT constant
Tm
salt must always remain under 80 C. o  H   s  4  r 2
 c1
d. What will be the maximum temperature in the middle of the ball under dr
4s dr 4s 1
these circumstances?
Salt
The thermal conductivity of salt: λs = 0.7 W/(m.K) and of glass: λg = 1.1 W/(m.K).

c1  dT   r 2
 
c1
T  
r
 c2

28 B.C. r  , T  T and r  R , T  T1
R 4 
T∞ c2   s T
Glass c1
ball
4s 1
 T  T  
c1 r
r
4s 1
 T1  T  
c1 R
H
Slides 28-29 temperature profile in the salt layer T  T R
 (r  R )
Lecture 7 T1  T r 29
5
 Learning objectives
(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and bulk fluid
properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion coefficients in simple and
complex systems.
Example: falling sphere
Two metal spheres of equal weight, but of different diameter, fall through air.
Calculate the relationship of their stationary rate of fall if the ratio of their diameter is
3 and the flow around the spheres is dynamically similar (i.e., Re is the same). Is this
supposition of dynamic similarity correct?
D1 D2
Solution:
Volume ratio between two spheres 4 D2  s ,2 g
4 D1  s ,1 g
1
 D23 v1  v2 
V2 6 D3 3CW ,1  3CW ,2 
  23
V1 1
 D13 D1 Re the same in both cases: CW ,1  CW ,2
6
Density ratio between two spheres Velocity ratio between two spheres
m1 m1  m2
 s ,2 V1 V2 D13 D2  s ,2
   v2 CW ,2 D2  s ,2 D2 D13 D1 1
 s ,1 m2 V1 D23       
V2 v1 D1  s ,1 D1  s ,1 D1 D23 D2 3
Stationary rate of fall CW ,1 v1 D1  v2 D2
 3  1  v1 D1  v2 D2
D   s    g  CW  D 2   v 2 Re1  Re2 
6 4 2  
4D  s    g s    s
v Re1  Re 2 (The supposition is correct!) 15
3CW 
Slide 15
Lecture 6
6
 Learning objectives
(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and bulk fluid
properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion coefficients in simple and
complex systems.

Example: contact of two semi-infinite solids

When two large bodies A and B, initially at uniform temperatures TA,i and TB,i
are brought into contact, they instantly achieve a temperature TS at the contact
surface (the contact resistance is negligible).
At the contact interface
TA,i  TS
 H "  A
 a At
t TS  TB ,i
 H "  B
 aB t
TA,i  TS

 C  p B

t  
aA  


TS  TB ,i  C  p A
 C p
 A
     C  T
p A A, i    C 
p B TB ,i
aB   TS 

 C
 p B  C  p A   C 
p B

Over short time, Ts remains constant as both A and B can be considered as semi-
infinite medium (FoA, FoB <<0.1)
A metal at room temperature feels colder than wood at the same temperature!
(TS lower in the former case). 22
Slide 22
Lecture 8
7
 Learning objectives
(3) Solve physical transport equations to make quantitative assessments of the flow, heat and
mass transfer performance in simple and complex systems.

Example
Insulation in the water supply to avoid freezing
Problem 2 from Beek’s book, III 1.6, Page 158

The Chemisch Weekblad of 30 September 1966 gave the following news item:

In Elsa, a mining settlement in the Yukon district, situated only 290 km south of the polar
circle, where the temperature sometimes falls to -70 ºC, the water supply was seriously
hampered by freezing. This problem has been solved by putting a floating pumping engine
in the nearby lake. The construction is such that the water inlet tube is well below the level
of the ice. The 12.5 cm thick pipe connecting the pumping engine with the storage tank in
the town --a distance of ca. 5 km-- was insulated with a 5 cm thick of urethane foam. The
Example
flow rate of the water in the pipe is on an average 675 l/min. Even at Insulationextremely low in the water supply to avoid freezing
temperatures, water of 2.5 ºC can be pumped from the lake to the town
Solution without heating R1  12.5 / 2  6.25 cm R2  6.25  5  11.25 cm
being necessary. T1 T1  2.5 C 
T2  70 C 
T freezing  0 C
L  5 km C p  4.18 kJ/  kg.K 
What follows from these data for the thermal conductivity of urethane foam?
Assume a water density of 1000 kg/m3, specific heat capacity of 4.18 kJ/(kg.K). T2 dT 2  T1  T2 
 H    2 r 
dr ln  R2 R1 
R1
r
12
Simply assume  H  is constant along the entire tube length,
2 L  T1  T2 
H  HL 
ln  R2 R1 
R2
 H  C p  m  T1  T freezing 
2 L  T1  T2 
 C p  v  T1  T freezing 
ln  R2 R1 
C p  v  T1  T freezing  ln  R2 R1 

2 L  T1  T2 

Slides 12-13 
 4.18  1000  1000   675  0.001 / 60    2.5  0  ln  11.25 6.25 
L 2   5 1000   2.5  70 
Lecture 7
 0.03 W/(m.K) 13 8
 Learning objectives
(3) Solve physical transport equations to make quantitative assessments of the flow, heat and
mass transfer performance in simple and complex systems.

Example: cooling of bitumen

A cooling drum (external diameter 1 m) has a surface temperature of 20 °C
and rotates at an angular velocity N. A bituminous product with a
temperature of 80 °C is brought as a layer on the drum and after a half-
revolution is scraped off again. What is the maximum layer thickness () if
the temperature of the cooled bitumen should not exceed 25 °C?
1m T1  Tm 20  25
  0.083  Fo  0.275
T1  T0 20  80
at
 0.275
D2
T1 = 20 °C
 0.34
a   1.85 107
 c p 2000  920 Tm
t  30 s
T0 =80 °C
at T1
D
0.275
 4.4 mm 
cp = 920 J/(kg.K)  = 2000 kg/m3 D
   2.2 mm
 = 0.34 W/(m.K) N = 1 min -1

Tm=<T>end < 25 °C Heat transfer with air is not important in such short time. 19
Slide 19
Lecture 8
9
 Learning objectives
MANY EXAMPLES IN TUTORIALS!

1
t i ve
jec
Ob

3
s 2&
ve
je cti
Ob

& 3
s2
ti ve
j ec
Ob

10
 Learning objectives
MANY EXAMPLES IN TUTORIALS!

1 -3
s
ve
j ect i
Ob

1 -3
iv e
je ct
Ob

i ve3
t
jec
Ob

3
ve
je cti
Ob 11
 Learning objectives
MANY EXAMPLES IN TUTORIALS!

i ve1
t
b jec
O

e 1
ct iv
je
Ob

3
e 2&
ct iv
je
Ob

3 Design, estimation, calculation,

ve
je cti problem solving
Ob
(4) Develop their critical thinking and engineering skills in problem analysis and
solving. Practice at every problem solving. 12
Convective heat exchange
Example of convective heat exchange

14
 Lecture topics in Beek’s book
Lecture 9 Beek’s book (2nd version)
 Convective heat exchange: Heat exchange  No description
between flow and walls (Slide 16)
 Laminar flow in tubes (Slides18-19)  Chapter III (III. 3.1)
Two regions (Slide 20)
Viscosity changes (Slide 21)
 Turbulent flow in tubes (Slides 22-23)  Chapter III (III. 3.2)
 A micro balance over an infinitesimal  No description
small length dx (Slide 24)
Heating and cooling of tube flow (Slide 25)
Solving the differential equation (Slide 26)
North sea oil from the Brent field
(Slides 27-30)
 Orders of magnitude of h (Slide 31)  Chapter III (III. 3.3)
 More Nusselt equations (Slide 32)  Chapter III (III. 5.3)
 Free convection (Slides 33-37)  Chapter III (III. 6.1)
15
 Convective heat exchange
Heat exchange between flow and walls

General: h  f   , D, x, T ,  ,  , v , c p , ,w , g 
new Distance in expansion viscosity viscosity gravitatioal
parameters flow direction coefficient in the bulk at the wall accerleration
Temperatue difference
between fluid and wall
Dimension analysis:
hD   v D c p x x 3
g  T  2
 
 f , , , , 
     c v D 2
 2
 
 p w 

viscosity
Nusselt Reynolds Prandtl Graetz Grashof 16
ratio
 Dimensionless numbers
hD Heat transfer number
Nusselt Nu  (total h.t./h.t. by conduction)

 vD Flow number
Reynolds Re  (Inertia forces/viscous forces)

c p Boundary layer number
Prandtl Pr  (hydrodynamic b.l./thermal b.l.)

x Entrance length number
Graetz Gz  (h.t. by conduction/h.t. by convection)
c p v D 2
x 3 gT 2 Free convection number
Grashof Gr  (buoyant forces/viscous forces)
2
h.t.---- abrreviation of “heat transfer” 17
b.l.---- abrreviation of “boundary layer”
 Laminar flow in tubes
Constant wall temperature (Tw), uniform inlet fluid tempearture (T0),
fully developed, parabolic velcity profile
Tw T0
r
x

Thermal entrance region Thermally developped region

Differential equation Cylindrical coordinate, r, θ, x
 T T v T T   1   T  1  2T  2T 
cp   vr   vx   r  2  2 q
 t r r  x   r r  r  r 
2
x 
  r  2  T  2T
vr  v  0; vx  2  v  1     ;  0 ; neglect q and   2
  R    x
 
18
Neglecting heat conduction in the x-direction and heat production by viscous dissipation.
 Laminar flow in tubes
Constant wall temperature (Tw), uniform inlet fluid tempearture (T0),
fully developed, parabolic velcity profile
Tw T0
r
x

Thermal entrance region Thermally developped region

Penetration of a thermal boundary layer:

ax  at 
2  
Gz  2 
 Fourier number for non-stationary conduction
v D  D 
Thermal entrance region: Gz < 0.05
Thermally developped region: Gz > 0.1 19
 Two regions
r

Entrance region: (Gz < 0.05) Developed region (Gz > 0.1)
local Nu 
1
Nu  Nu  3.66
 ax  3 
1
Nu  1.08  2 
  1.08Gz 3

 v D 
mean Nu 
1

1
xe
 axe  3 
1
Nu 
xe 0 Nu dx  1.62  v D 2   1.62 Gz 3

  D
xe: length of entrance region
T 

0
2
2 rvrTr dr
Nu and h related to a  H  hA T  Tw  2
D v
mean fluid temperature 4 20
 Viscosity changes
Influence of heating on velocity
profile in laminar tube flow Sieder and Tate correction:
v
Entrance region  Gz  0.05 
  w   
1 0.14
Viscosity at
Nu  1.08 Gz   
3
mean temperature
 w 
Liquid heating, gas cooling Viscosity at
0.14 wall temperature

1
 
Nu  1.62 Gz   
3

  w  w 
Developed region  Gz  0.1
0.14
Isothermal flow  
Nu  Nu  3.66   
 w 
  w Heating: Tw > T0
Cooling: Tw < T0
Liquid cooling, gas heating Isothermal: Tw = T0 21
 Turbulent flow in tubes
Idealisation:

Turbulente core
h T
Thermal boundary layer
v T
Hydrodynamic (laminar) boundary layer

v f Tw  T
 H   h  Tw  T   
2
w    v
h 2 T
heat flux at wall
Conduction through the thermal boundary layer and mixing in the bulk
1/3
 cp 
1/3
h   Gases: Pr ≈ 1
 Constant       Pr 1/3
Water at R.T.: Pr ≈ 7
T a    viscous liquids: Pr > 1000 22
 Turbulent flow in tubes
v f Tw  T
 H   h  Tw  T 
2
w    v 
h 2 T

theory
hD D D  h f  v D  h f
    Nu  Re Pr1/3
 T  h T 2  T 2
practice
0.8
  v D   
0.33
hD
 0.027      Nu  0.027 Re0.8 Pr 0.33
    a
for 2 103  Re  105 and Pr  0.7
Viscosity changes not considered.
23
A micro balance over an infinitesimal
small length dx
dx

vπR2cpTx v πR2 cpTx+dx

h×2 πR dx(T-Tw)
v R 2  c p T x  dx
 h  2 Rdx  T  Tw   v R 2
c p T x

vR  c p T x  dx
 vR  c p T x  2hdx  T  Tw 
d  vR  c pT 
dx  2h  T  Tw  dx
dx
Here T means the mean
dT 2h
  T  Tw  temperature of the fluid.
dx vR  c p And get h from a Nu equation
24
Neglecting heat conduction in the x-direction and heat production by viscous dissipation.
 Heating and cooling of tube flow
Erroneous: The correct way:

 H  hA  Tw  T  Heat balance over an element dx

 H   v  c p  Toutlet  Tinlet  Determine Nusselt number
so : Calculate h from Nu
hA
Toutlet  Tinlet 
v cp
 Tw  T  Integrate
Introduce boundary conditions

25
 Solving the differential equation
dT 2h
  T  Tw 
dx vR  c p
dT 2h
 dx For the case of T >Tw
T  Tw vR  c p
2h
ln  T  Tw   x  c if T  Tw T
vR  c p
or
2h
ln  Tw  T   x  c if T  Tw
vR  c p
boundary condition: T  T0 at x  0
x
 T  Tw  2h
ln     x
 T0  Tw  vR  c p
T  Tw  2h  Here T means the mean
 exp  x
T0  Tw  vR  c p  temperature of the fluid. 26
North sea oil from the Brent field
> 40 C
° T well = 80 °
C
Tsea = 10 °C
L = 7 km
D = 20 cm
v = 1 m/s
80 °C oil = 850 kg/m3
cp,oil = 2000 J/(kg.K)
oil = 0.2 W/(m.K)
oil = 0.01 Pa.s
PUR = 0.04 W/(m.K)
requirement: Maximium cooling down of oil to Tmin= 40 °C
calculate: Temperature of the oil if the pipe line is not isulated;
Isulation thickness required for polyurethane (PUR).
27
Determine the heat transfer
coefficient
Nu  0.027 Re 0.8 Pr 0.33
    c p 0.01 2000
Pr      100
a  cp  0.2
 vD 850 1 20  0.01
Re    1.7 104  turbulent
 0.01
Nu  0.027   1.7 10 
4 0.8
  100 
0.33
 299
 0.2
h  Nu  299   299 W/  m 2 .K 
D 20  0.01
28
Introduce in the differential equation
T0  Twell  80 o C
Tw  Tsea  10 o C
 
T  Tsea  2h   2  299 3
 exp  x   exp   7 10 
T0  Tsea  vR  c p   1 20  0.01 
 850  2000
 2 
 2  1011
T  Tsea  2  1011   T0  Tsea   10  2  10 11   80  10   10 oC
Far too cold  so isulate!

At what h do we have an oulet temperature of 40 oC ? 29

 Calculate the
dx
total h.t. coeff. U
v πR2 cpTx v πR2 cpTx+dx


U×2 πRdx(T-Tz)=h×2 πR dx(T-Tw)
T  Tz  2U  U and h are based on the same heat transfer area!
 exp  x
T0  Tz  vR  c p  If  << D : flat plate calculation
2U  40  10  1 1 
x   ln    0.84  
vR  c p  80  10  U h PUR
T
Tw
vR  c p
so : U  0.84  Heat resistances can be added!
2x 1 1  Tz
20  0.01  
1  850  2000 10.2 299 0.04
 0.84  2
2  7  1000   3.8 103 m  4 mm
 10.2 W/  m 2 .K  30
 Orders of magnitude of h
 H ''  U  T1  T2 
Layer of dirt 1 1 dw dd 1
   
U h1 w d h2
Fluid 1 wall Fluid 2 Based on the same heat transfer area!
<T1> Orders of magnitude of h, W/(m2.K):
T h1 Gas (free convection) 5-15
Gas (forced convection) 10-100
Liquid (free convection) 50-1000
Liquid (forced convection)
h2
Water 3000-10000
<T2>
Other liquids 500-3000
w d Condensation of vapor
Water 5000-30000
dw dd Other liquids 1000-4000
Boiling of liquid
Distance Water 3000-60000
Heat resistances in series Other liquids 1000-20000 31
 More Nusselt equations
Heat transfer by forced convection around obstacles
vr D   c p vr D 
Valid if: Pe     1
a   
vr
vr : relative velocity
0.50 0.33
hx  v x       vr x 
 0.332  r    for    3  10 5

     a    
Flow along a flat plate
x
vr
0.50 0.33
h D  v D      v D 
 0.57  r    for 1   r   104
     a    
Flow around cylinders

vr
0.50 0.33
h D   vr D       vr D 
 2  0.66     for 1<    10 4

      a    
Flow around spheres 32
 Free convection
Consider a vertical surface with wall temperature Tw in a stagnant fluid
which has a tempeature T∞ at a great distance from the surface.
For the case of Tw > T ∞ hx  x3 g 
temperature  f  Tw  T 
  a 
boundary  w   
layer  Tw  T  
w w
x For a vertical surface with height L

h L  L3 g  
Nu   f  
  a  w 

Flow  L3 g   
 f 2  
velocity   w a 
 
  , a  f  Gr Pr 
 c p 33
Free convection in an
argon filled lamp

34
Nusselt relations for free convection
1
Vertical plate, Nu  0.55  Gr Pr  4 for 103  Gr Pr  108
laminar flow

1
Vertical plate, Nu  0.13  Gr Pr  3 for Gr Pr  108
turbulent flow

1
Horizontal plate, Nu  0.17  Gr Pr  3 for Gr Pr  107
cooling

1
Two horizontal plates, Nu  0.15  Gr Pr  4 for 10 4  Gr Pr  10 7
Benard cells

1
Two horizontal plates, Nu  0.17  Gr Pr  3 for Gr Pr  107
Turbulent flow
35
 Remarks (1)
1) It is plausible that for:
turbulent flow along a vertical plate
cooling of a horizontal plate
turbulent flow between two horizontal plates
h  f (x)
1
h x  x g  
3 3
therefore:  Constant   
  a  w 

2) If: Re > Gr forced convection effects dominate

Re << Gr free convection effects dominate
xvforced convection x 3 g 
Re  Gr  2
  w
36
 Remarks (2)
v2 inetia forces
3) Froude: Fr  
xg  buoyancy forces

 vx inetia forces
Reynolds : Re  
 viscous forces

x 3 g  Re 2
Grashof : Gr  2 
  Fr
4) Benard cells only occur if Ttop < Tbottom

A plane horizontal layer of fluid heated from below, the fluid develops a regular
37
pattern of convection cells
Heating of a glass water

Velocity field Temperature field

38
Free convection in water heated
from below

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mUU69ParFM 39