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Lecture 12
Jun Yue
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
January 2020
Lecture topics in Beek’s book
Lecture 12 Beek’s book (2nd version)
Heat transfer and mass transfer (Slide 2) Chapter IV (page 260)
Non-stationary diffusion (Slides 3-11) Chapter IV (IV. 2)
Similarity between heat and mass transport Chapter IV (IV. 3.1)
(Slide 12)
An example (Slide 13)
Concentration jump at an interface (Slide 14) Chapter IV (IV. 1.2)
Mass transfer through an interface (Slide 15)
Overall mass transfer (Slide 16)
If one resistance dominates the process
(Slide 17)
Example (Slides 18-20)
Mass transfer with chemical reactions (Slides Chapter IV (pages 287-288, IV. 5.1, IV.
21-28) 5.2)
Relation between concentration and pressure No description
(Slide 29)
Simultaneous mass and heat transport Chapter IV (IV 6.1)
(Slides 30-35)
2
Heat transfer and mass transfer
Same equations: same solutions
driving force c p T cA
transfer coefficient h k
hD kD
Nu Sh
dimensionless transfer group DA
Pr Sc
boundary layer group a DA
3
Non-stationary diffusion in large medium
short time effects
Flat medium
c A 2 cA cA1
DA 2
t x cA
B.C.: t = 0 x 0 cA = cA0 t
t0 x = 0 cA = cA1
x cA = cA0
Semi-infinite medium
cA0
Solution: x
DAt x
c A1 c A 2
2 DAt
x Flat boundary at x = 0, infinite length
2
e d erf in the positive x direction.
c A1 c A0 2 D t
0 A At t = 0, concentration in the medium is
cA0. At t ≥ 0, interface at x = 0 is
Error function
brought to a constant concentration cA1.
dcA c A1 c A0 DA
mol , A DA DA c A1 c A0
dx x 0 DA t t 4
Penetration depth
dcA c A1 c A0 DA
DA DA c A1 c A0
t
mol , A
dx x 0 DA t
So penetration depth: cA1
m DAt cA
DADA
k cA0
DAt t DAt x
Penetration depth
0.1 0.1
plate
plate
0.01 0.01
0.001 0.001
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Dt DAt
Fom A2 Fom
D D2 9
Non-stationary diffusion example
(Beek’s book, Page 255, Problem 2) A wall is coated on one side with a 0.2
mm thick layer of paint consisting of a very volatile component and a
heavier, non-volatile component. The paint is allowed to dry, i.e., the volatile
component is caused to evaporate. The diffusion coefficient of the volatile
component in the paint is 2.2×10-11 m2/s.
a. Calculate with a simple physical model how long it takes before the
drying front has reached the interface paint wall.
b. How long does it take before 99% of the volatile component has
evaporated?
Solution a): t=0
cA0
The penetration depth can be approximated as
the distance that the drying front has moved. t
wall
m DAt cA1
0.2 0.001 579 s 9.7 min
2
m2
t
≈0
Fo m 2
2
0.01
t
DA
sphere cylinder, L∞
0.44 2 0.2 0.001
2
11
D
2.2 10 0.001
3200 s 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Dt
53.3 min Fom A2 11
D
Similarity between heat and mass
transport
generalisation
General (between a wall and a convective flow):
Nu c Re m Pr n
n
0.33 m 0.8 and n 1 3
Sh c Re Sc
m
Chilton-Colburn analogy:
Define: J H Nu Re 1 Pr 1 3 heat transfer number
J D Sh Re 1 Sc 1 3 mass transfer number
10
9
9 1 3 3
given: DKMnO 10 m /s
2
11000 3
1000 4.18 10 0.6
4
At phase interface Tg,1 = Tg,2 At phase interface cg,1 cg,2
m
"mol , A K " c" A, f
c ' A, f
m
K " c" A, f cA , f
c ' A, f mc "A, f
"mol , A K ' mc" A, f c' A, f K ' cA, f c' A, f
K: the overall mass transfer coefficient related to one of the two phases (K' or K'').
cA,f*: the concentration of one phase if it was equilibrium with the other phase
(c'A,f* or c''A,f*),
16
If one resistance dominates
the process:
Phase ' Phase ''
k mk cA
1 c '' A, f
"mol , A mc" A, f c' A, f
m 1
k" k ' c ' A, f
k mc" A, f c' A, f
17
Mass transfer through interface
example
(Beek’s book, Page 249, Problem 5) Small bubbles (original diameter D0) of a pure
gas are brought into a liquid in which they ascend very slowly. During ascending,
the bubbles disappear by absorption (Sh = 2), It appears that the time of solution t
and the original bubble diameter satisfy the relation
D0 2 constant t
where the constant has the value of 25×10-9 m2/s. Give a theoretical explanation for
this relationship and calculate from the constant the diffusion coefficient of the gas
in the liquid, if the solubility of the gas is given by m = 0.5 (concentration in the gas
phase divided by concentration in the liquid phase). Assume that the pressure, and
consequently the concentration in the bubbles remain constant.
Solution: Phase ' Phase '' The concentration in the bubbles remain
constant. pg
cA c ' A , g c '' A, w c ' A, g mol/m3
RT
Pure gas: no mass transfer resistance in the gas
c '' A,l
phase, no concentration gradient.
c ' A, g
c '' A, w 18
m
Mass transfer through interface
example
Solution (continued): We can assume no A in the bulk of the liquid.
Phase ' Phase '' c '' A,l 0
cA c ' A , g c '' A, w Mass transfer in the liquid phase:
k "D 2D
Sh 2 2 k '' A
c '' A,l DA D
Mass balance for the gas bubble:
Molecular weight
dVg
g mol , A M g
dt
Mass flux at the interface: c ' A, g c ' A, g
"mol , A k c "A,l k
m m
dVg c ' A, g dVg 2 DA c ' A , g
g k
A M g g D2 M g
dt m dt D m
Vg D3 dVg D 2 dD
6 2
dD 4D c ' M 1 0 t 4 D Ac ' A , g M g 8 D Ac ' A , g M g
dt
A A, g g
m g D
D0
DdD
0 m g
dt D0 2
m g
t
19
Mass transfer through interface
example
Solution (continued): c ' A, g M g g
8 DA c ' A , g M g
D0
2
t
cA c ' A, g c '' A, w m g
8 DA
c '' A,l D0 2 t
m
D0 2 constant t
The constant has the value of 25×10-9 m2/s
8 DA
25 109
m
25 109 0.5
DA 1.56 109 m 2 /s
8
20
Mass transfer with chemical reactions
(very large volume)
No concentration gradient in the y- and z-
cAi directions.
No flow velocity, stationary state.
cA Assumption: all reactants that diffuse through x =
x1 will react between
x1 and infinity (very fast
reaction). dc A
for 1 order reaction
st
D A k c dx
r A
0 dx x RA k r c A
x1
x
2
d cA
DA 2
kr cA B.C. : x 0, c A c Ai and x , c A 0
dx
kr dc
c A c Ai exp x and mol , A x 0 DA A k r DA c Ai
DA dx x 0
kr: reaction rate constant (for 1st order reaction, unit in s-1)
21
R : production rate of A, mol/(m3.s)
The Hatta number
22
Generalized Hatta number:
A+B→ products
2
kr DAc Ain 1cBm
Ha n 1
k
n = reaction order in A
m = reaction order in B
So: for first order in A and zero order in B (e.g., large surplus of B)
2 n 1 m
r A Ai cB
k D c
n 1 k r DA k r DA
Ha 2
k k k 23
Mass transfer with and without
chemical reactions
Boundary Boundary
cAi layer cAi layer
bulk bulk
cA cA
without reaction with reaction
cA,i Ak
Ha 1 (in practice 0.3 Ha 3); 1
Vkr
cA ≈ 0
c mol , A kr DA k 2 c Ai Reaction partly in boundary layer
cA,i Ak
Ha 1 (in practice >3); 1 mol , A k r DA c Ai
Vkr
cA = 0 Reaction completely in boundary layer
c 28
x See Tutorial 9 for examples.
Relation between
concentration and pressure
Vapour: pi yi p
pV nRT
Dalton’s law
RT
piVmol RT pi ci RT
M p
Liquid: i x p
i i
0
1 M
Vmol Raoult’s law
ci
p A,w p A, g RT c p 2
Le 3
Tg Tw H e, A
Air 70 oC and
Tw=55 oC (≈Ts)
Absolute humidity:
0.105
Relative humidity:
39%
Dew point:
53.7 0C
34
Humidity chart (2)
Cooling to 30 oC
Condensation:
0.105 – 0.027 =
0.078 kg H2O
per kg dry air
35
Learning
Learning objectives
objectives
Learning objectives
Acquire knowledge and insights into the basic principles of complex
transport phenomena and the practical application of the theory.
(1) Apply the general conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy to
describe the evolution of a physical/chemical system in time and 3-
dimensional space.
(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and
bulk fluid properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion
coefficients in simple and complex systems.
(4) Develop their critical thinking and engineering skills in problem analysis and
solving.
37
o o n o cas ys
Als
Learning objectives
38
Learning objectives
(1) Apply the general conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy to describe the
evolution of a physical/chemical system in time and 3-dimensional space.
Slide 18
Lecture 10
39
Learning objectives
(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and bulk fluid
properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion coefficients in simple and
complex systems.
Mass transfer through interface
example
(Beek’s book, Page 249, Problem 5) Small bubbles (original diameter D0) of a pure
gas are brought into a liquid in which they ascend very slowly. During ascending,
the bubbles disappear by absorption (Sh = 2), It appears that the time of solution t
and the original bubble diameter satisfy the relation
D0 2 constant t
where the constant has the value of 25×10-9 m2/s. Give a theoretical explanation for
this relationship and calculate from the constant the diffusion coefficient of the gas
in the liquid, if the solubility of the gas is given by m = 0.5 (concentration in the gas
phase divided by concentration in the liquid phase). Assume that the pressure, and Mass transfer through interface
consequently the concentration in the bubbles remain constant.
example
Solution: Phase ' Phase '' The concentration in the bubbles remain Solution (continued): We can assume no A in the bulk of the liquid.
constant. p Phase '
cA c ' A, g c '' A,w c ' A, g g mol/m3 Phase '' c '' A,l 0
RT
Pure gas: no mass transfer resistance in the gas cA c ' A, g c '' A, w Mass transfer in the liquid phase:
c '' A,l k "D 2D
phase, no concentration gradient. Sh 2 2 k '' A
c ' A, g c '' A,l DA D
c '' A, w 18 Mass balance for the gas bubble:
m
Molecular weight
dVg
g mol , A M g
dt
Mass flux at the interface: c' c'
"mol , A k A, g c "A,l k A, g
m m
dVg c ' A, g dVg 2 DA c ' A , g
g k A M g g D M g
2
dt m dt D m
Vg D 3 dVg D 2dD
6 2
dD 4 D c ' M 1 0 t 4 D Ac ' A , g M g 8D Ac ' A, g M g
DdD
A A, g g
dt D0 2 t
Slides 18-19 dt m g D D0 0 m g m g 19
This lecture 12
40
Learning objectives
(3) Solve physical transport equations to make quantitative assessments of the flow, heat and
mass transfer performance in simple and complex systems.
Drift flow example
North sea oil from the Brent field Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a constant temperature of
298 K. The dry ambient air outside the tube is at 1 atm (101.3 kPa) and 298 K.
> 40 C Twell = 80 °C Water evaporates and diffuses through the air in the tube, and the diffusion path (x2
Tsea = 10 °C - x1) is 50 cm long. Vapor pressure of water at 298 K is 3.17 kPa,
L = 7 km Calculate the rate of evaporation at steady state in mol/(m2.s). The diffusivity of
water vapor (A) in air (B) at 1 atm and 298 K is 0.25 cm2/s. Assume that air is
D = 20 cm insoluble in water.
v = 1 m/s
Solution: This is a stationary diffusion of water vapor (A) through a stagnant
80 C oil = 850 kg/m3 air (B) which does not diffuse into water.
cp,oil = 2000 J/(kg.K) Air (B) DA c c c A2
oil = 0.2 W/(m.K) x2 mol A, x ln
x2 x1 c c A1
oil = 0.01 Pa.s
Consider the water vapor/air mixture as an ideal gas mixture, there is
PUR = 0.04 W/(m.K) A p p A1 pA2 P: total pressure
c c A1 c A2 PA1: partial pressure of A at position 1
requirement: Maximium cooling down of oil to Tmin= 40 °C RT RT RT PA2: partial pressure of A at position 2
x1
calculate: Temperature of the oil if the pipe line is not isulated; p p p
DA A2
mol A, x RT ln RT RT DA p p pA2
Isulation thickness required for polyurethane (PUR). p
ln
A1 RT x 2 x1 p p A1
Water (A) x2 x1 p
27 18
RT RT
e3
&3 t i v
es2 b jec
v
je cti O
Ob
3
e 2&
v
je cti
-3
es1 Ob
ct iv
j e
Ob
3
e 1-
v
je cti
Ob
42
Learning objectives
(4) Develop their critical thinking and engineering skills in problem analysis and
solving. Practice at every problem solving