Physical transport phenomena 2

Lecture 1

Jun Yue
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
November 2019
Where to find me?
Room: 5118.0247B
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
Tel.: 050 363 6522

Secretary: Kim Winters / Geraldine Gambier

(Room) 5118.0245
(Tel.) 050 363 4484
(E-mail) sec-chem-eng@rug.nl 2
 Lecture 1
• Organisation

• Introduction to subject, relevance

• Summary of <Physical transport phenomena 1>*

• <Physical transport phenomena 2>

- Focus & learning objectives

• Lecture topics in Beek’s book

*
What you are supposed to understand before this course. 3
 Organisation
Study material
• Book <Transport Phenomena>
W.J. Beek, K.M.K. Muttzall, J.W. van Heuven
2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, LTD
1999, ISBN 9780471999904
• Tutorial assignments and solutions
• Lecture slides
• Additional information & exercises
• Previous exam(s) (provided at the end of the course)

Activities
• Lectures & tutorials (by Jun Yue)
A good preparation before the lecture is important!
4
More interaction in the lectures.
 Organisation
Marking
 Written exam 100%
3-5 open questions (structured by means of sub-questions).
Closed book exam! Use of any study materials during the
exam is not allowed, except the book <Transport Phenomena
Data Companion> by L. Janssen and M. Warmoeskerken.
A simple calculator is recommended.
A formula sheet will be provided (a draft version already on Nestor
for your current use, subject to further updates).

 Minimum passing score: 6

5
Subjects (Beek’s book 2nd edition)
1. Introduction / relevance
2. Summary of physical transport phenomena 1
3. Flow phenomena (Chapters 1, 2+ additional info.)
a. Laminar flow and turbulent flow
b. Computational fluid dynamics
c. Practical rheology
d. Flow around obstacles
e. Flow through beds of particles
4. Heat transport (Chapters 1, 3 + additional info.)
f. Stationary/non-stationary heat conduction
g. Convective heat transfer
h. Heat transfer with phase change
i. Heat transport by radiation
5. Mass transport (Chapter 1, 4+ additional
info.)
j. Stationary/non-stationary diffusion
k. Mass transfer with forced convection
l. Mass transfer at interfaces
6
m. Mass transfer with chemical reaction
What are transport phenomena?

Transport of momentum, energy & mass

7
 Relevance
Chemical and process engineering

Piping systems

Heat exchangers Reactors

Physical
transport Thermodynamics
phenomena
Solid understanding on the principles Reactor
of transport processes is essential for engineering

a successful application! Kinetics/ Others

catalysis

Course positioning 8
Separators
 Summary
Physical transport phenomena 1

9
 Transport
accumulation
 flow in  flow out  production
unit time

Two kinds of transport:

Convective transport Ф” = vX
the flow transports mass, enthalpy or momentum
X
Molecular transport Ф” = -K
n
transport by molecular interactions
diffusion: molecular transport of mass
conduction: molecular transport of heat
internal friction: molecular transport of momentum 10
 Think in terms of balances:
dX Molecular transport
V   in X in   out X out  RV is not considered.
dt

where X can be:

ρv momentum (momentum transport)
ρCpT enthalpy (heat transport)
cA molar concentraton (mass transport)
ρA mass concentraton(mass transport)
and
V: volume [m3]
: volumetric flow [m3/s]
R: volumetric production of
X per unit time [1/m3.s] depends on X 11
 Dimensional analysis
3 elephants + 2 cars = 5 pianos ?

3 kilograms + 2 seconds = 5 meters ?

Equations have to be dimensionally homogeneous.
Express all parameters in basic SI units (m, kg, s, K).
Compose a dimensional matrix.
Solve this set of equations.
Number of groups = number parameters – number basic SI units
(Buckinghams π-theorem).
12
 Scaling of a batch reactor
fast heterogeneous reaction:
batch time = mixing time
lab reactor 10 dm3
production reactor 10 m3

Given:
reaction time (tb,1) in lab reactor: 60 s
Asked:
reaction time (tb,2) in production reactor?

tb  f   , N , d ,  N = rotations per second

d = max distance between stirring blades
13
 Scaling of a batch reactor
tb  f   , N , d , 
Dimensionally
 kg 1 kg 
s  f  3 , s , m, 
 m m.s 
Define the function
tb  K    a  N b  d c   d 

So in dimensional quantities:
  kg  a  kg  
d

s  K    3    s    m  
1 b c
 m   
  m.s  
For dimensional homogeneity in time it is needed: 1 = - b - d
14
 Scaling of a batch reactor
Exponent matrix (3 equations and 4 unknowns)
solve 3 unknowns
T: 1= -b -d
M: 0= a +d
L: 0 = -3a +c -d

b = -1 - d tb  K    a  N b  d c   d 
a=-d
c = 3a + d = -2d tb  K     d  N 1 d  d 2 d  d 

   If V2 =103 V1, then D2 = 10 D1, d2 = 10 d1

tb N  f  2  N2 = N1 /100
  Nd  tb,2 = 100 tb,1 so: tb,2 = 6000 s = 1 h 40 min
15
 Hydro- and Aerodynamis
Laminar flow:

Alway calculate Reynolds

number

 vD
Turbulent flow: Re 


if Re > 4000, turbulent

if Re < 2100, laminar
(valid only in straight round tubes)

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 Laminar flow
Reynolds small
Inertia forces << viscous forces
or
Frictional forces >> acceleration forces
So for laminar flow:

F = 0
What forces can generally play a role?
pressure forces (p1 - p2) × surface
frictional forces xy × surface
gravity forces g × volume
17
 Laminar flow in a round tube
R rx r

p1 p2 x

x2-x1
Force balance: 0   r 2 p1   r 2 p2   rx 2 r  x2  x1 
r p1  p2 r  dp  
 rx     
2 x2  x1 2  dx   dvx r  dp 
    
dvx  dr 2  dx 
Shear stress (Newtonian)  rx  
dr 
After some simple calculations: R
 R 4  dp  2 vx ,max
Flow rate  v   2 rvx dr     R
0
8  dx  2 18
 Turbulent flow
Reason :
Low turbulence,
low “viscosity”
High turbulence,
high “viscosity”
Phenomenon:

Flattening of the
flow profile

laminar turbulent
Idealisation:

turbulent core

 laminar boundary layer

v 19
 Pressure drop in turbulent flow
p1 A  p2 A   w S  x2  x1   0

S  x2  x1 
p1  p2   w
 A

1 S  x2  x1  1 L
p1  p2  f   v 2  4 f   v 2 Fanning equation
2 A 2 D

Calculate Reynolds (and relative roughness)

Check for turbulence
Determine the friction factor
Use that in the Fanning equation 20
Friction factors in round straight tubes
Laminar flow (Re < 2100) Blasius equation (4000 < Re < 105)
4f = 64/Re For x/D =0, 4f = 0.316 Re-0.25

4f
Completely turbulent
0.1 x/D
0.05

0.01

0.001
0.01
0
laminar turbulent

103 104 105 106

Re
21
 At given pressure drop
108
calculate:
Re
 p1  p2   D3 1
 f Re 2
4 2  x2  x1  2
106 x/D
find Re

calculate <v>
104
104 108 1012
1/2 f Re2
This graph is rather inaccurate. Don’t use when you can calculate Reynolds!
22
 Bernoulli equation
1 2

Tin Tout
system
Energy balance for mechanical energy between point 1 and point 2:
2 1
0    dp  g  h2  h1  
1
v2  2
 v1
2
 
 m   A  Awr  m
1  2 
pressure energy kinetic energy friction losses
potential energy pumping power
 1 SL   1 2
Awr    f  v   w
2
 K  v 
i  2 A i j  2  j Important:
clearly indicate where you
choose point 1 and point 2!
friction in straight friction in bends,
23
tubings valves etc.
 Flow around an obstacle
1
F = Cw A×1/2 v2

103
2
102 1

10 Cw

3 1 2 3
10-1
4
10-2 Re
4
10-2 1 102 104
24
Spherical particles
 Heat transfer

If  (heat energy) >>  (mechanical energy) :

dEt
  m,inuin   m,out uout   H   A
dt
with: Et   c pTV and u  c pT

Transport by:
• conduction  H    dT dx
• convection  H   v  c pT
• radiation  H   e T 4

25
 General procedure

• choose an intelligent element

• apply the balance equation
• rewrite this as a differential equation
• separation of variables
• integration
• apply boundary conditions
• introduce the heat transfer coefficient

26
How to compose a differential equation?

1) A micro balance over an infinitesimal small length dx

(heat transport in a tube)

2) A macro balance with transport equations

(temperature profile in a hay stack)

27
 A micro balance over an
Heat transfer in a tube infinitesimal small length dx
dx

vAcpTx vAcpTx+dx

hSdx(T-Tout)

v R 2  c p T x  dx
 v R 2
 c p T x  h  2 Rdx  T  Tout 
vR  c p T x  dx
 vR  c p T x  h  2dx  T  Tout 
d
dx
 vR  c pT  dx  h  2  T  Tout  dx

dT 2h
  T  Tout  And get h from a Nu equation
dx vR  c p
28
 Macro balance with transport equation
with heat production q
A spherical hay stack

Production = heat flowout

R
V  q  H 

 dT    r
 H  A  H  A    
 dr  
H

4 3 2 dT
 r q  4 r 
3 dr
1 dT Remember ?
rq   4
3 dr V   r 3 and A  4 r 2
3 29
 Applied practical heat transfer
the Nusselt number
hD
Nu  (dimension less heat trans fer coefficien t)


2 For a sphere General

Generalrecepe:
recepe:
h
D Nu = 2 r
1)
1) find
findNu
Nu
2)
2) calculate
calculatehh==Nu/D
Nu/D
 For a plate
h
D Nu = 1
3) calculate
3) calculate HH==hAT
hAT
D
For turbulent flow: Nu = 0.027 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33
etcetera, etcetera………… 30
Heat transport versus mass transport
Compare:
dT d A
H , x   mA
 , x   DA
dx dx
convenient:
Same shape of equatuions, so if same boundary conditions: same solutions

T A
H , x mA, x

x x 31
Heat transport versus mass transport
Heat transport Mass transport

dE dc A
V   H ,in   H ,out  qV V   mol , A,in   mol , A,out  RV
dt dt
and : and :
d   c pT  
dc A
H   a (molecular transport)  mol , A   DA dx (molecular transport)
dx
and : and :
H  v   c pT  (convective transport) mol , A  vcA (convective transport)

 v ,in c Ain  v ,out c Aout

 v ,in Ein  v ,out Eout 
with E   c pT A

A
A A

q: production of heat per unit of R: production of species A per unit of

time per unit of volume, J/(m3.s) time per unit of volume, mol/(m3.s)
32
 Technical mass transfer
Very similar to technical heat transfer

Basic equation:  mol , A  kAcA

k: mass transfer coefficient (m/s)

The sphere
 mol , A  4 RDA  c1  c   2 DA
r  k
2 DA 
 mol , A  4 R  c1  c   D
R 
The “plate” D = 2R

DA DA
 mol , A A  c1  c2  k
D D
D
33
Heat transfer and mass transfer
Same equations → same solutions

Flux ”H ”mol,A

molecular transport coefficient a (=/cp) DA

driving force cpT cA

Transfer coefficient h k
hD kD
Nu  Sh 
 DA
Transfer group
 
Pr  Sc 
Boundary layer group a DA

34
And then we have the
mathematics !!!

35
The mathematics is veeeeeeery
difficult !!!!!!!!!!

 adx ax  c
1 n 1
 x dx  n  1 x  c
n

dx
 x  ln  x   c
f  x   f  x    f  x 
lim 
 0  x
df
 f  f  exp  x   c
dx

36
 Introduction
Physical transport phenomena 2

37
Subjects (Beek’s book 2nd edition)
1. Introduction / relevance
2. Summary of physical transport phenomena 1
3. Flow phenomena (Chapters 1, 2+ additional info.)
a. Laminar flow and turbulent flow
b. Computational fluid dynamics
c. Practical rheology
d. Flow around obstacles
e. Flow through beds of particles
3. Heat transport (Chapters 1, 3 + additional info.)
a. Stationary/non-stationary heat conduction
b. Convective heat transfer
c. Heat transfer with phase change
d. Heat transport by radiation
5. Mass transport (Chapter 1, 4+ additional
info.)
e. Stationary/non-stationary diffusion
f. Mass transfer with forced convection
g. Mass transfer at interfaces
38
h. Mass transfer with chemical reaction
 Special attention to:
Navier-Stokes and computational fluid dynamics
Non-Newtonian liquids
Compressible flows
Packed and fluidized beds
Turbulence
Non-stationary heat and mass transfer
Free convection
Boiling and condensation
Radiative heat transfer
Mass transfer with chemical reaction
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer

39
 Learning objectives
Acquire knowledge and insights into the basic principles of complex
transport phenomena and the practical application of the theory.

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

(1) Apply the general conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy to
describe the evolution of a physical/chemical system in time and 3-
dimensional space.

(2) Identify and explain relations between molecular transport processes and
bulk fluid properties such as viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion
coefficients in simple and complex systems.

(3) Solve physical transport equations to make quantitative assessments of the

flow, heat and mass transfer performance in simple and complex systems.

(4) Develop their critical thinking and engineering skills in problem analysis and
solving. 40
 o cas ys
Also on Learning objectives

41
42
 What is critical thinking?
 Critical thinking (logic, problem analysis, reflection, systems)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnJ1bqXUnIM
43
 Critical thinking skills
Six type of Socratic questions
Questions for clarification:
Why do you say that? How does this relate to our discussion?
Are you going to first start with mole balance calculation?
Questions that probe assumptions:
What could we assume instead? How can you verify this assumption? Why are you
neglecting the density change?
Questions that probe reasons and evidence:
What would be an example?
Questions about viewpoints and perspective:
What would be an alternative?
Questions that probe implications and consequences:
What are the consequences of that assumption? How would our results be affected if
we neglected density change?
Questions about the question:
What is the point of this question? Why do you think I asked the question? 44
 Engineering skills
 Design, estimation, calculation, problem solving

45
 Lecture topics in Beek’s book
Lecture 1 Beek’s book (2nd version)
Summary Physical transport phenomena 1

 Balances (Slides 10-11)  Chapter I (I 1.1)

 Dimensional analysis (Slides 12-15)  Chapter I (I 1.5)
 Laminar flow in a round tube (Slides 17-18)  Chapter II (II 1.2)
 Pressure drop in turbulent flow  Chapter II (II 2.2)
Friction factors in round straight tubes
(Slides 19-22)
 Bernoulli equation (Slide 23)  Chapter II (II 2.3)
 Flow around an obstacle (Slide 24)  Chapter II (II 4.2)
 Heat transfer (Slide 25)  Chapter III (Pages 150-151)
 Applied heat transfer (Slide 30)  Chapter III (III 1.1, 1.3)
 Heat transfer vs mass transfer (Slides 31-32)  Chapter I (I 1.2)
 Technical mass transfer (Slide 33)  Chapter IV (IV 1.2)

46