Transport Phenomena

Lecture1 2019

Dr. ir. Amir Mahmoudi

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What are we talking about?

• Fluid dynamics: transport of momentum

• Heat transfer: transport of energy
• Mass transfer: transport of mass of various
chemical species.

The book I will use:

Transport phenomena, Bird Stewart and Lightfoot

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Learning goals

After completion of the course one must be able to

• Translate the physics of transport phenomena

into differential equations with boundary
conditions
• Understand how the d.e.’s are solved
• Analyze and further evaluate the solutions.

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Why do you have to learn this?

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Why do you have to learn this?

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Why do you have to learn this?

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Why do you have to learn this?

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Why do you have to learn this?

8
Why do you have to learn this?

• Transport phenomena are often encountered

– industrial processes with cooling and/or heating
– design of consumer products e.g. cell phones or
computers
– meteorological processes, e.g. emissions in the
atmosphere, CO2 capture by the oceans.
– biological processes, e.g. diffusion of oxygen in tissue
– agricultural processes, e.g. transport of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in plants
• To learn and understand the backgrounds of
CFD, which is widely used
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 Program of the course

lecture Contents of the lectures Paragraphs in BS&L

1 Newton, Fourier and Fick, momentum, heat and mass flux, diffusion and convection Chapter 0,
The conservation laws, continuity, momentum, heat and mass. Boundary conditions 1.1, 1.2, 1.7, 9.1, 9.7, 17.1, 17.7,
11.1, 19.1

2 Steady diffusion, momentum, heat 2, 3, 10, 11 Chapter 2, 3.6, Chapter10, 18.1,

18.2, 18.3, 18.4
3 Steady diffusion with a source term Friction factor, heat and mass transfer 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.6, 10.7, Chapter 6,
coefficient, analogies and disanalogies 14.1, 22.1
4 Dimensional analysis and similarity solutions 3.7, 11.5, 19.5
5 Unsteady diffusion, separation of variables, laplace, similarity solutions 4.1, 12.1, 20.1
6 Unsteady diffusion, greens function, moving boundary 20.1, handout
7 Unsteady diffusion with source term, mass transfer with chemical reaction finalize
8 More on mass transfer
9 Steady diffusion in laminar flow , the Greatz problem 12.2, thermally developed flow 12.2, 10.8, 14.2, 14.3, 18.5, 18.6
10 Boundary layers, flow and heat transfer 4.4, 12.4, 20.2
11 Boundary layers, exact solution 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 12.4, 20.2
12 Free convection 10.9, 11.3, 11.4,

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 Timetable

Week Tuesday Thursday Friday

Sep. 2 L1 Tu1 L2
Sep. 9 L3 Tu2 L4
Sep. 16 L5 Tu3 L6
Sep. 23 - - -
Sep. 30 L7 Tu4 L8
Oct. 7 L9 Tu5 L10
Oct. 14 L11 Tu 6 -
Oct. 21 L12 Tu 7 question
Oct. 28 - Group Exam Individual
Exam

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Tutorials

• To reach the learning goals it is a must to do a lot of

exercises

• Therefore: Tutorials are important!!!!!!

• Prepare your tutorials by studying the material

presented in the lectures

• Working in groups of 4 people

• Make it easy for us to monitor: groups always sit at the

same table in the same formation
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Examination
1. Group examination
– with the same groups as tutorial

2. Individual examination

3. Additional individual examination

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Pass/failing criteria
• You can pass the exam if your final grade (sum
of the individual and the group exam) is higher
than 5.5

But

• If your individual grade is less than 5.5 you

need to take additional individual exam (reset
exam) (regardless of your group grade)
• Your final grade is the grade of additional individual exam

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Condition for taking reset (additional
individual) exam
– Your final grade is less than 5.5

– Your individual exam grade is less that 5.5

– When you miss more than 1 tutorial

– When your participation during the tutorials is not good

to our opinion (you will be warned during tutorials)

– When you think the grade from the group exam is too
low. In this case the grade from reset exam will
substitute ONLY your group grade
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What you should do for the first
tutorial

• Form groups of 4 people

• Register your group in canvas

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From macro to molecular scale

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The macro-scale

B
A

Macroscopic balance:

1 2 1
H out − H in + vout − vin2 + ghout − ghin =
Q
2 2

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The macro-scale

Macroscopic level:
• Conservation laws are applied to an entire
system,
• Local differences of concentration, temperature
or velocity are disregarded.

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The micro-scale
Microscopic balances leading to
temperature profiles

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The micro-scale

• Microscopic level (> 100 free mean path), free

mean path of N2 in air = 70 nm = 1000 times the
size of the molecule

• A volume of 1 μm3 of air (or 0.1 μm3 of water)

contains 106 molecules. If ΔT, Δc, Δv negligible
over 1 μm then the medium is a continuum.

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The molecular scale

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The molecular scale

• Molecular level (< 100 free mean path), gives

physical understanding of transport phenomena.
Important in
– nano-physics transport phenomena
– complex molecules
– chemical reacting flows
– at very low pressures

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Transport phenomena deals with the
micro-scale

• We are trying to find velocity, temperature and

concentration profiles.

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 Laws for diffusion
Heat flux by diffusion
(Fourier’s law)

T qy
Low T High T

y
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Laws for diffusion

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 Fourier’s law
T0
Q ∆T
In steady state: =k
y
x
Y t =0 A Y

dT
T1 q y = −k
dy
T ( y, t )
qy Heat flux (W/m2)

T ( y) t= ∞ Thermal
k conductivity
(W/mK)
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 Laws for diffusion

Mass flux by diffusion, with ωA being the mass fraction

of a certain species A (Fick’s law)

ωA
qy
Low ωA High ωA

y
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 Fick’s law (binary diffusion)
ωA= 0
ω𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ω𝐴𝐴0 − 0
= ρ𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
y
x
Y t =0 𝐴𝐴 𝑌𝑌
dω A
J A = − ρ DAB
ωA= ωA0
dy
Molecular mass
JA flux (kg(A)/m2s)
ω A ( y, t )
ρA
ωA = Mass fraction
ρ (kg(A)/kg)
ωA ( y) t= ∞
Diffusion
DAB coefficient of A
in B
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 Laws for diffusion
• Momentum flux by diffusion
(Newton’s law)

vx
τ yx
Low v High v

y
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 For Newtonian
Newton’s law fluids

𝑭𝑭 𝑽𝑽 − 𝟎𝟎
In steady state: = 𝝁𝝁
y
x
Y t =0 𝑨𝑨 𝒀𝒀

dvx
V τ yx = −µ
dy
vx ( y , t ) Flux of x-
τ yx momentum in the
positive y-direction
vx ( y ) t= ∞
µ Dynamic
viscosity

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Mass balance

∆y
∆z
∆x

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y z

Mass balance
x
(ρvx )x ∆t∆y∆z − (ρvx )x + ∆x ∆t∆y∆z +
ρv x
(ρv ) ∆t∆x∆z − (ρv )
y y y y + ∆y ∆t∆x∆z +
(ρvz )z ∆t∆x∆y − (ρvz )z + ∆z ∆t∆x∆y
ρv z = (ρ t + ∆t − ρ t )∆x∆y∆z
ρv y
(ρvx )x − (ρvx )x + ∆x (ρv y )y − (ρv y )y + ∆y (ρvz )z − (ρvz )z + ∆z (ρt + ∆t − ρt )
+ + =
∆x ∆y ∆z ∆t

∂ρv x ∂ρv y ∂ρv z ∂ρ ∂ρ

− − − = or + ∇(ρv ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂t

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 Energy balance
ρc p v xT
(ρc v T ) ∆t∆y∆z − (ρc v T )
p x x p x x + ∆x
∆t∆y∆z +

(ρc v T ) ∆t∆x∆z − (ρc v T )

p y y p y y + ∆y
∆t∆x∆z +
(ρc v T ) ∆t∆x∆y − (ρc v T ) ∆t∆x∆y +
ρc p v zT ρc v T
p z z p z z + ∆z

 ∂T   ∂T 
p y − k  ∆t∆y∆z 
− − k  ∆t∆y∆z +
 ∂x  x  ∂x  x + ∆x

 ∂T   ∂T 
 − k  ∆t ∆x ∆z −  −k  ∆t ∆x∆z +
 ∂y  y  ∂y  y +∆y
 ∂T   ∂T 
 − k  ∆t ∆x ∆y −  −k  ∆t ∆x∆y
 ∂z  z  ∂z  z +∆z
= ( ρ c pT ) − ( ρ c pT )  ∆x∆y∆z
 t +∆t t

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 Energy balance

(ρc v T ) − (ρc v T ) (ρc v T ) − (ρc v T )

p y p y y + ∆y
(ρc v T ) − (ρc v T )
x + ∆x
+ + z + ∆z
+
p x x p x y p z z p z

∆x ∆y ∆z
 ∂T   ∂T   ∂T   ∂T   ∂T   ∂T 
− k  −− k   − k  −  − k
   −k  −− k 
 ∂x  x  ∂x  x + ∆x  ∂y y  ∂y  y + ∆y  ∂z  z  ∂z  z + ∆z
+ + =
∆x ∆y ∆z
(ρc pT )t +∆t − (ρt c pT )t
∆t

 ∂T  ∂ k ∂T   ∂T 
∂ (ρc p v xT ) ∂ (ρc p v yT ) ∂ (ρc p v zT )  ∂x 
∂ k  ∂y  ∂ k  ∂ (ρc T )
+  ∂ =
+ 
z
− − − +
p

∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

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Laws for diffusion
• Momentum flux by diffusion dvx
(Newton’s law) τ yx = −µ
dy
• Heat flux by diffusion dT
(Fourier’s law) q y = −k
dy
• Mass flux by diffusion dω A
(Fick’s law) j Ay = − ρ DAB
dy

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Continuity equation

∂ρ  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
−  ρ vx + ρ v y + ρ vz 
=
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

Rate of increase of Net rate of mass addition per

mass per unit volume unit volume by convection

∂ρ
∂t
(
= − ∇ ⋅ ρv )
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 Other coordinate systems ∂ρ
(see Appendix B4)
∂t
( )
+ ∇ ⋅ ρv =0

∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
Cartesian + ρ vx + ρ v y + ρ vz =
0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
cylindrical + ρ rvr + ρ vθ + ρ vz =
0
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
spherical + 2 ρ r vr +
2
ρ vθ sin θ + ρ vφ =
0
∂t r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

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The energy equation
Derive from a heat balance over a finite volume with the assumptions:
• constant fluid properties
• Newtonian fluid
• no viscous dissipation

∂T  ∂T ∂T ∂T   ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
ρcp + ρ c p  vx + vy + vz =
 k + + 
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x
2
∂y 2
∂z 2 

Accumulation Convection terms Diffusion terms

term
∂T
ρcp + ρ c p v ⋅ ∇T = k ∇ 2T
∂t
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 Other coordinate systems

• Cylindrical
∂T  ∂T vθ ∂T ∂T   1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂T ∂T
2 2
ρcp + ρ c p  vr + +=
vz  k r + 2 + 2 
∂t  ∂r r ∂θ ∂z   r ∂r  ∂r  r ∂θ
2
∂z 

• spherical
∂T  ∂T vθ ∂T vθ ∂T 
ρcp + ρ c p  vr + + =
∂t  ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ 
 1 ∂  2 ∂T  1 ∂ ∂T 1 ∂ 2T 
k 2 r + 2 sin θ + 2 
 r ∂r  ∂r  r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin 2 θ ∂φ 2 

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 More general equation for internal energy

∂
∂t
( ) ( ) (
ρU = − ∇ ⋅ ρU v − ∇ ⋅ q − p ∇ ⋅ v − (τ : ∇v ) )
Rate of Net rate of Rate of Reversible Irreversible
increase in addition of internal rate of rate of internal
internal internal energy internal energy
energy per energy by addition by energy increase per
unit volume convective heat increase per unit volume by
transport per conduction, unit volume viscous
unit volume per unit by dissipation
volume compression

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The equations of momentum
Derive from a momentum balance over a finite volume with the same
assumptions (constant fluid properties, Newtonian fluid):

∂vx  ∂vx ∂vx ∂vx   ∂ 2 vx ∂ 2 vx ∂ 2 vx  ∂p

ρ + ρ  vx + vy + vz =  µ 2 + 2 + 2  − + ρ gx
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x

∂v y  ∂v y ∂v y ∂v y   ∂ 2vy ∂ 2vy ∂ 2vy  ∂p

ρ + ρ  vx + vy + vz =  µ  2 + 2 + 2  − + ρ g y
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y

∂vz  ∂vz ∂vz ∂vz   ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz  ∂p

ρ + ρ  vx + vy + vz =  µ 2 + 2 + 2  − + ρ gz
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂z

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 More general equation of motion (momentum balance)

∂
ρ v = − ∇ ⋅ ρ vv  − ∇ p − ∇ ⋅τ + ρ g
∂t
Rate of Rate of Rate of External
increase of momentum momentum force on
momentum addition by addition by fluid per
per unit convection molecular unit
volume per unit transport per volume
volume unit volume

Force per unit volume Mass per unit volume times acceleration

F = ma
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The equation of continuity for species A
Derive from a mass balance over a finite volume with the assumptions:
• constant fluid properties
• Newtonian fluid

∂ω A  ∂ω A ∂ω A ∂ω A   ∂ 2ω A ∂ 2ω A ∂ 2ω A 
ρ + ρ  vx + vy + vz =  ρ DAB  + +  + rA
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x
2
∂y 2
∂z 2 

Accumulation Convection terms Diffusion terms Source term

term
∂ω A
ρ + ρ v ⋅ ∇=
ω A ρ DAB ∇ 2ω A + rA
∂t
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 Mass or molar flux

Mass averaged velocity Molar averaged velocity

N N N N

∑ ρα vα ∑ ρα vα N ∑ cα vα ∑ cα vα N
=vN
=
α
= 1= 1 α
=
ρ
∑ ωα vα =v∗
= 1= 1
N
α
= α
= ∑ xα vα
∑ cα
c
∑ ρα
α =1
α=1

α =1
α=1

Mass flux: jA = (
ρA vA − v = )
− ρ DAB ∇ω A
Diffusion
Molar flux j A∗ = (
c A v A − v∗ = )
−cDAB ∇x A velocity

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 Boundary conditions

• Instationary terms: ∂T Need one condition at t=0

∂t

• Diffusion terms: ∂ 2T Needs two boundary

conditions in x
∂x 2

∂T  ∂T ∂T ∂T   ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
ρcp + ρ c p  vx + vy + vz =
 k 2 + 2 + 2 
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 

2 boundary conditions in x
2 b.c.’s in y and in z
One starting condition at t=0

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Type of boundary conditions

1. Constant v, T or c T = T0
2. Constant flux (symmetry ∂T
condition) −k =
q0
∂y y =0

3. Constant heat (mass) transfer

∂T
coefficient and given −k =
h(Tw − Tenv. )
environment temperature ∂y y =0
(concentration)

∂T
4. Given flux at a wall (e.g. −k =σε (Tw4 − Tenv
4
)
radiation) ∂y y =0
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How to solve problems in this course?

• Define the solution domain

• Think about the coordinate system
• Visualize the solution
• Which are the governing processes?
– Diffusion?
– Convection?
– Do we have a source term?
– Stationary or instationary?
• Give the governing d.e.
• Give the boundary conditions
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Homework

• Read the following chapters from Bird, Stewart

and Lightfoot (second edition):
– Chapter 0
– 1.1, (1.2), 1.7, 9.1, 9.7, 17.1, 17.7
– 11.1, 19.1
• Make exercises from these chapters
• Revisit your Math books!

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