(i) Water borne Diseases and their prevention

&
(ii) Food nutrition and Balance Diet

CISF NISA HYDERABAD

 WARMING UP
• Have you ever effected with Cholera, Diarrhea,
hepatitis, typhoid or Viral fever borne diseases?

• What is a Balance Diet ?

 Learning Objectives

• At the end of the session the participants will

be able to :
– Water borne Diseases
– their prevention
– Food nutrition
– Balance Diet
 Relevance

G.Os. & S.Os. Trainees are required to have the knowledge &
exposure of “General health concerns” for human beings
such as --
– Water borne Diseases
– their prevention
– Food nutrition
– Balance Diet
So, that may be in a position to brief the MOF under their
command for their health benefits regarding these health
concerns .
 Competencies
• Capability to inculcate “General health
concerns” to the subordinates to stay them fit
& healthy.
 Causes of Water borne Diseases -i

• Main cause of this disease is water borne

microorganism;
• Therefore these diseases are called water borne
disease.
• Water borne diseases are the cause for the
deaths of millions of people every year.
• Consuming water that contains pathogenic
microorganisms causes water borne diseases.
 Causes of Water borne Diseases -ii

• In most developing countries, water borne diseases

are the main cause of childhood death, especially with
diarrhea.
• Flood waters carry human and animal feces, silt, toxic
chemical wastes, oil, and other suspended particles
with it.
• The occurrence of infectious diseases associated with
drinking water like diarrhea and dysentery is quite
common.
 
 waterborne diseases
it is necessary to focus on the prevention of
waterborne diseases by conditioning the
water and making it fit for human
consumption.
 LEARNING RE- ENFORCEMENT

1. Main cause of water born disease is water borne -------------- .

2. Flood waters carries ------------------ with it

3. The occurrence of infectious diseases associated with drinking

water like ------------------ is quite common.
 Effects of Water borne Diseases

• Water borne diseases are extremely harmful and

lead to severe illness and may be even fatal.
• They lower the body’s resistance and intake of
nourishment, resulting in further infections and
diseases.
• Therefore, prevention of waterborne diseases is
vital.
 Effects of Water borne Diseases
• Water borne diseases are contagious
• Prevention of waterborne diseases requires high
standards of hygiene and sanitation.
• In order to be acquainted with the ways to avoid
water borne diseases.
• it is essential to first know how infection takes
place.
common ways of spreading of microorganisms (i)
• The microorganisms present in human or animal waste
enter into the human body and cause waterborne
diseases.
• The most common way by which the spreading of
microorganisms takes place is through drinking
contaminated water.
• However, apart from that, water borne diseases can be
spread through other means
• such as via clothes, hands, foods, materials used for
cooking, eating, and drinking.
Ways of spreading of microorganisms- ii

Source of entry of Pathological microorganisms

in the body

• an open wound,

• eyes,

• and nose as well.

 Widespread Water borne Diseases

• Typhoid fever,
• dysentery,
• diarrhea,
• cholera,
• hepatitis,
• worms,
• polio
 Prevention: Waterborne Disease-I

• Improve quality and quantity of drinking at source, at the

tap, or in the storage vessel.
• Interrupt routes of transmission by empting accumulated
water sources
• Chlorinate water
• Change hygiene behavior, like hand washing
• Breastfeeding for first 6 months of life to a baby
• Proper use of latrines
• Careful disposal of all waste products
 Prevention: Waterborne Disease-II

• Proper maintenance of water supply, sanitation systems,

pumps and wells
• Good food hygiene-wash before eating, protect from flies

• Improved immunizations practices, especially rotavirus

• Develop or enhance public health surveillance system

• Faster responses to emergent and dangerous pandemic

strains of pathogenic infections.
• Health education programs across the country
 LEARNING RE ENFORCEMENT
1. A order of Suspension made or deemed to
have been made under this rule shall not be
valid after a period of _________unless it is
extended after review, before the expiry?
2. Extension of Suspension shall not be for a
period exceeding ____days at a time.
3. Develop or enhance public health ----- system.
 Human nutrition

• Provision of essential nutrients necessary to

support human life and health.

• Poor nutrition is a chronic health problem

 Nutrients

There are seven major classes of nutrients:

• carbohydrates,
• proteins,
• fats,
• minerals,,
• vitamins,
• fibre
• and water.
 Categorization of nutrients
Nutrient are categorized as :
 macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts)
• carbohydrates,
• fats,
• fibre,
• proteins,
• and water.
 micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities).
• minerals
• vitamins.
 Essential dietary minerals
• Sodium, a very common electrolyte; : sodium chloride, or
common salt.
• Chlorine as chloride ions; very common electrolyte;

• Magnesium :- Food sources include oats, wheat, nuts,

green leafy vegetables, legumes, and chocolate.
• Phosphorus, required component of bones;
• Potassium, a very common electrolyte (heart and nerve
health). Food sources include :- bananas, vegetables,
potatoes, legumes, fish, and mushrooms. 
 Trace minerals - i
• Many elements are required in smaller amounts
(microgram quantities
• Cobalt 
• Copper required component of many redox enzymes,
including cytochrome c oxidise
• Chromium required for sugar metabolism.
• Iodine required
• Iron required for many enzymes, and
for haemoglobin and some other proteins
• Manganese (processing of oxygen)
 Trace minerals - ii

• Molybdenum required for xanthenes oxidize and

related oxidises
• Nickel present in urea's

• Selenium required for peroxides (antioxidant
proteins)
• Zinc required for several enzymes such as carboxyl
peptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenise, carbonic
anhydride
Illness related excess or insufficiency of nutrients: -i
• Food Energy:- obesity, diabetes  cardiovascular disease,
mellitus,
• Carbohydrates:- diabetes mellitus, obesity

• Saturated fat:- cardiovascular disease

• Trans fat:- cardiovascular disease

• Unsaturated fat:- obesity

• Fat:- cardiovascular disease

• Omega-3 fats:- bleeding, hemorrhages

• Cholesterol:- cardiovascular disease

 Illness related excess or insufficiency of
nutrients: -ii

• Sodium:- hypernatremia, hypertension
• Iron:- cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, anemia
• Iodine:- Iodine toxicity (goitre, hypothyroidism)
• Calcium:-
fatigue, depression, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, pancreatitis, increased urination.
• Magnesium:- weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired
breathing, and hypotension
• Potassium:- hyperkalemia, palpitations
•  
 BALANCED DIET- i

• A balanced diet
• gives your body the nutrition
• it needs to function properly.
• In order to get truly balanced nutrition,
• you should obtain the majority of your daily
calories
• from fresh fruits and vegetables, whole
grains, and lean proteins.
 BALANCED DIET- i

• A healthy diet provides the body with

essential nutrition: fluid, adequate essential amino
acids from protein, essential fatty acids,
vitamins, minerals, and adequate calories. The
requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a
variety of plant-based and animal-based foods. A
healthy diet supports energy needs and provides
for human nutrition without exposure to toxicity or
excessive weight gain from consuming excessive
amounts.
 BALANCED DIET- i

• Where lack of calories is not an issue, a

properly balanced diet (in addition to exercise)
is also thought to be important for lowering
health risks, such as obesity, heart
disease, type 2
diabetes, hypertension and cancer.
 Learning Re-Enforcement

1. If DEATH of EMOF WHILE UNDER SUSPENSION

– Proceedings will be ______
– Period will be treated as _____
– __________to be adjusted against pay and
allowances
 Summary
• We discussed:
– Definition of suspension
– Its implications and purpose
– Deemed suspension
– Continuous suspension
– Duration of suspension