SETS AND

NUMBERS
SETS?

Is a collection of well
defined distinct
objects.
SETS?

A well-defined set means

that the criteria of membership
in a set are absolutely clear to
describe whether or not any
given object belongs to that
set.
 EXAMPLES:

1. The set of “kind-hearted students

in Eastern Visayas State University”.

(Not a well-defined set, since we cannot

certainly say whether a particular
student in EVSU is kind-hearted or not.)
 EXAMPLES:
2. The set of “all students enrolled in Eastern
Visayas State University this S.Y. 2016-2017”.

(A well-defined set)
 EXAMPLES:
3. The set of “all dates that fall on a
Monday for June 2016”.

(A well-defined set)
 EXAMPLES:
4. The set of “days of the year that
are lucky”.

(Not well-defined as there is no

definite criteria for being lucky)
 EXAMPLES:
5. “All subjects Luna enrolled in for 1 st
semester 2016-2017”

(A well-defined set)
 EXAMPLES:
6. “All easy subjects this semester”.

(Not well-defined since the level of

easiness of a subject is relative.)
The objects of the set are called
elements or members of the set
denoted by the Greek letter
epsilon €, otherwise € (not a
member). Sets are denoted by
capital letters while elements are
denoted by lower case letters
enclosed in braces {}.
EXAMPLES:

1. A = {He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn}

2. A = {xlx is a noble gas }
3. B = {802.11, 802.11a,
802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n}
EXAMPLES:

4. B = {xIx is a WIFI standard}

5. C = {CAS, COT, COE, COEd,
COBE, CAAD}
6. D = {xIx is a college in
EVSU Main Campus}
Order does not matter
We often write them in
order because it is easier
for humans to understand
it that way
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is
Methods of
describing a
set?
 ROSTER OR TABULAR
METHOD
The elements are
listed and separated
by commas.
 RULE METHOD OR SET
BUILDER FORM
The elements are
defined by a particular
property which each
element satisfies.
 ONE-TO-ONE
CORRESPONDENCE
Exists between two sets if it
is possible to associate the
elements of the first set to
the second in such a way
that each element of first
set is associated with
A set is finite if its elements
are countable. That is,
counting the members of a
set comes to an end.
Otherwise, the set is infinite.
 EXAMPLES:
1. A = {January, February, March, April,
May, June, July, August, September,
November, December}

2. B = {0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, …. }

3. C = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, …,

100}
EXAMPLES:

4. D = {xIx is a multiple of 5}

5. E = {xIx is an even number

less than 1,000,000}
Sets A, C and E of
the examples are
finite sets.
In Set C, the dots after the
element 25 means that
multiples of 25 will follow and
must stop at 100 since 100 is
given to be the last element
of the set. Sets B and D are
infinite sets since they are
both uncountable.
A set with no element is
an empty set denoted
by { } or ø. A set with
only one element is a
singleton set or a unit
set.
A = { xIx is a
positive number less
than 0}
Kinds of
Sets
 Equal Sets

Sets A and B are

equal, denoted by A
= B, if they have the
A = {1, 2, 3}
and B = {2,
1, 3}
 Equivalent Sets

Sets A and B are

equivalent, denoted by A
~ B, if they have the same
number of elements.
C = {a, b, c}
and
D = {4, 5, 6}
 Finite Sets

If it contains only a
countable number of
elements. The sets given
A, B, C, D given above are
 Infinite Sets
If the counting of elements
has no end. The sets of
integers Z or positive
integers N (natural numbers),
negative integers and
nonnegative integers (whole
Z = {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
…}
N = {1, 2, 3, …..}
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …..}
 Universal Sets

Is the totality of
elements under
consideration.
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5} then the
Universal set U is
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 Joint Sets

Sets that have common

elements.
A = {4, 5, 6}
B = {6, 10, 11} then the
common element in
A and B = {6}
 Disjoint Sets

Sets that have no

common elements.
E = {a, b, c}
F = {e, f, g}
Are disjoint sets since no
element is common
 Subsets

Set A is a subset of set

B denoted by A  B, if
every element of A
belongs to B.
AB
U
B

A X
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Then A  B.
A  B if xA, then
xB.
 Proper Subsets

If there is at least one

element found in B but
not in A.
 Cardinal number

Denoted by n(A) of a
set A is the number of
elements in a set.
 Power Set

The family of all the

subsets of any set.
Four Basic
Operations in
Set
UNION OF SETS
AUB
U

A B

47
A U B = set of all
elements found in A or B
or both

{xIx  A or x  B}
Example:
A = {a, b, d, e}
B = {b, e, f, g}

AUB = {a, b, d, e, f,
g}
INTERSECTION OF SETS
A∩B
U

A B

50
A ∩ B = set of all
elements common to A
and B

{xIx  A and x  B}
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {0, 2, 3, 4, 9}

A ∩ B = {2, 3, 4}
COMPLEMENT OF
_ SETS
A
U

A B

53
A ‘ = set of all elements
in the universal set but
not in A

{xIx  U and x  A}
Example:
A = {1, 2}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A’ = {3, 4, 5}
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
A-B
U

A B

56
A – B = set of all
elements found in A but
not in B

BA –– A ={xIx ABand
B ={xIx andx x
B}A}
Example:
A = {4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {1, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A - B = {4, 5}
B - A = {1, 8, 9}
 Venn Diagram
1. Relate a set operation in
illustrating the Venn
Diagram of sets.
2. Use the Venn Diagram in
solving problems
 Venn Diagram
1. A method of illustrating the
relationships between sets
and its operations
2. Is represented by the use of a
rectangle for its universal set
and circles for its subsets
 Venn Diagram
In a survey involves 150
different factories, it was
found out that
70 purchased brand A
75 purchased brand B
95 purchased brand C
 Venn Diagram
30 purchased brands A and B
45 purchased brands A and C
40 purchased brands B and C
10 purchased brands A, B
and C
A = 70 B = 75
5 20 15
10
35 30

20
A’ B’C’= 15 C = 95
63
 Venn Diagram

In an excursion at
Pagsanjan Falls, 80
students brought
sandwiches, drinks and
cans as follows:
50 students brought sandwiches (S)
30 students brought drinks (D)
30 students brought cans (C)
18 students brought cans and drinks
15 students brought sandwiches and
cans
8 students brought sandwiches and
drinks
S = 50 D = 30
32 3 9
5
10 13

2
A’ B’C’= 6 C = 30
66
I. Patterns and Numbers in the Nature and the World.
-Patterns
-Fibonacci sequence
-Golden ratio
-Population growth

II. Mathematical Language and Symbols

- Sets
III. Measures of Central Tendency
- Basic concept of statistics
- Mean, Median and Mode

- Sampling Methods
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster sampling
5. Multi-stage Sampling

IV. Measure of Dispersion.

- Range
- Variance
-Standard deviation