RAp

Seminar Presentation
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Name of the student Reg No
Beerappa R Naik 14ETCE001007
2
Faculty
©M. S. of
Ramaiah
Engineering
University
& Technology
of Applied Sciences © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Topic Name
Study on usage of RAP ( RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT )
Mentor Name
Mr. Nikhil T.R.
3
Contents
• Aim
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Milling
• Need
• Objectives
• Literature review
• Case study
• Scenario in India
• Conclusion
• Scope for future Studies
• References
4
AIM
• To study on the usage of Recycled asphalt pavement(RAP) materials.
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Abstract
Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is the term given to removed or

reprocessed pavement materials containing asphalt and aggregates. These
materials are generated when asphalt pavements are removed for
reconstruction, resurfacing or to obtain access to buried utilities. When
properly crushed and screened, RAP consists of high-quality, well-graded
aggregates coated by asphalt. Asphalt pavement is generally removed
either by milling or full-depth removal.
6
Introduction
In the recycling process the material from deteriorated pavement,known

as RAP, is partially or fully reused in fresh construction. Some of the
advantages associated with pavement recycling are
(i) less user delay
(ii) conservation of energy
(iii) preservation of environment
(iv) reduced cost of construction
(v) conservation of aggregate and binder and (vi) preservation of
existing pavement geometrics etc.
7
Introduction
• In the recycling process the material from deteriorated pavement,

known as recycled asphalt pavement (RAP).It is partially or fully
reused in fresh construction. The properties tested include the
physical properties of the RAP aggregate, the compressive and
flexural strengths of the concrete.These properties were compared
with those of similar concretes made with natural gravel aggregate.
• Recycling of asphalt pavements is one of the most effective and
proved and also approved recycling processes. It has been organized
and being used successfully for rehabilitation processes in many
countries across the globe. The reuse of removed asphalt pavement
in India has not given more importance in 20thcentury, because of the
poor economic conditions and lack of updated, new technologies.
8
Introduction
• Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is mainly used in three ways, first

one is using RAP as an aggregate in asphalt hot mix with original
aggregate, and second one is extracting the bitumen from the RAP,
then using extracted bitumen and coarse aggregates separately in an
asphalt mix and third newly adopted is using RAP as aggregate in
concrete.
• The first two methods are adopted in India and the third method is
not implemented practically but, it is under research from last few
years to determine suitability of using RAP as an aggregate in
concrete. From last few years, RAP is being used as an aggregate in
concrete, developed countries like USA are doing research from 15-
20 years on this and they have started using RAP from last 8-6 years.
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Introduction
• America is doing lots of research on RAP, because they are getting the
tones of RAP waste from their renovated roads every year. In the
process of rehabilitation of roads, huge quantity of RAP will be
produced along with some amount of dust entrapped within it, which
causes certain percentage of environmental deterioration. This leads
to ecological imbalance of nature. Instead of dumping RAP in to open
land, the material should be reused. So RAP material can be used as
substitute in pavements in order to make project more economical,
minimise natural resources consumption and to reduce negative
impacts on an environment.
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Milling
• It is the process of removing at least part of the surface of

a paved area such as a road, bridge,or parking lot. Milling removes
anywhere from just enough thickness to level and smooth the surface
to a full depth removal. There are a number of different reasons for
milling a paved area instead of simply repaving over the existing
surface.
• Milling of pavements is now so routine that its benefits are often
overlooked, and forgotten is the fact that it was one of the key
developments that led to the use of RAP.
• Milling helped maintain desirable roadway cross sections and also
provided a means to efficiently remove asphalt layers that were
damaged due to rutting, shoving, raveling, cracking, etc.
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Literature review
• Manjunatha KA,Narasimha murthy ,MR Murali mohan ,MV Antony

sebastain (2015) Feasibility study of RAP as aggregate in cement
concrete.
It has been concluded that Replacement of 25% RAP gives maximum
compressive strength comparatively less than other replacement
percentages (About 85% of NC Strength).Increase in RAP content
decreases the compressive strength, and with the use of 25% RAP 28
days compressive strength of 32.26Mpa was obtained which was
more than mean compressive strength (30Mpa). Hence using 25%
RAP can be used in normal concrete.
• Michael J.Bergin, Mang Tia, and Nabil Hossiney, (2010) ,Concrete
Containing RAP for Use in Concrete Pavement says that Performance
of concrete increases up to certain limited percentage of RAP .
12
Literature review
• Fidelis O. OKAFOR, 2010, Performance of Recycled Asphalt Pavement

as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete concluded that RAP has the low
specific gravity and lower water absorption.Two mix proportions of
1:2:4 and 1:3:6 by weight of cement, sand and RAP aggregate were
made with water/cement ratios of 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70. In addition,
control mixes were made with natural aggregate having identical
proportion by weight of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and
water/cement ratio as their respective mixes containing RAP.
• Sani Mohammed Bida,Muktarnuhu Danraka,Jiya Mohammed ma Ali,
2013, Performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has a
replacement of fine aggregate in concrete has concluded that
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) was used to replace fine
aggregate in concrete at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Workability,
density and compressive strength were carried out on the specimens13
Literature review
in line with specific standards. Based on the results obtained, RAP

content of up to 40% was observed to be viable for both density
reduction and compressive strength behavior
• Michael Berry ,Jerry Stephens ,Bethany Bermel ,Adam Hagel ,David
Schroeder, 2013, Feasibility of Reclaimed asphalt pavement as
aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete concludes that RAP concrete
is good for making low strength concrete . For instant and temporary
construction works.
• Dr. N. C. Shah, Uka Tarsadiya University Maliba Campus Bardoli,
Surat- In old city area where many roads are having higher elevated
level as compared to corresponding properties and have become a
serious problem. To overcome the above said problem, milling
process was procured in Municipal Corporation and many roads were
milled in different depths as per the requirement and viability and 14
Literature review
after milling the roads were resurfaced with sufficient wearing coats by
using RAP.
• Alex K. Apeagyei et al., (2012) Studied on the production of high-RAP
mixes to evaluate the stiffness characteristics of asphalt-concrete
mixtures containing various RAP amounts to achieve a better
understanding of how high RAP affects the mixture performance
properties that are important for more hard-wearing and cost-
effective asphalt. The use of higher RAP percentages with locally
available binders was adopted as an approach to decrease the
demand on specialty more expensive Fresh binder and Fresh
aggregates in Virginia. Recent researches have established that RAP
replacement at proportions above 50% is feasible to produce new
HMA mixtures obtaining acceptable results in the mechanical
properties. 15
RECYCLING METHOD
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Case Study
TUMKUR TO CHITRADURGA-NH4
• An attempt has been made to combine 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of
RAP material obtained by scarifying existing distressed asphalt
pavement surface of pre mixed carpet type with virgin aggregate and
soft grade bitumen without using any rejuvenator.
• In this investigation RAP to new aggregate ratio ,Experimental
Investigations on the Performance of Bituminous Mixes with a
Recycled Asphalt Pavement(RAP) Materials has been adopted as
10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60. The mixing is done in the laboratory
manually in a heating bowl heated to a temperature in the range of
140 to 160ºC. Various laboratory tests were carried out on RAP mix
and the results were compared with virgin mix .
17
Case Study
• The aged bitumen has shown the available paving material at
different percentages of the virgin binder. There has been consistent
increase in the physical properties (Penetration, Ductility, softening
point etc) of the old bitumen when rejuvenated
• The proportioning of the aggregates with reclaimed aggregates at all
specified percentages of 10,20,30 and 40 have given correct blending
of the aggregates meeting the specification requirements
• Based on the laboratory studies it can be concluded that more than
10% and less than 40% RAP can be suitable adopted in making the
new roads with the RAP
• Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement makes the project more
economical .
18
Case Study
FLORIDA DOT’S RECYCLING PROGRAM

• FDOT’s recycling program started with a few experimental projects in
the late 1970s.The First project was in Palm Beach County.In 1977
which used 25% RAP in a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) base layer.In1978, a
second project was located in Bay County and used 30% RAP.Both of
those projects used a batch plant.
• In 1979,a project in Marion County used 65% RAP .In a structural
asphalt layer an Asphalt emulsion rejuvenator was used in this mix.
The Drum mix plant was used to produce the mix. Early Performance
of these projects was good, which encouraged the agency to move
forward with implementation of a RAP Recycling specification in
1980.
19
Case Study
• The study also noted that the performance of mixes containing RAP
had been equal or better than the performance of mixes with all
virgin materials.
• On several projects where the existing pavements had extensive
cracking, the entire asphalt pavement was removed by milling and
repaved using mixes with RAP. The performance of these projects was
far superior to conventional overlays which typically led to reflection
cracking in a few years. Through, the 1980s and 1990s the average
RAP content used in asphalt mixes steadily declined from about 50%
to 25%.During these two decades, FDOT Implemented a number of
specification changes that led to the decline.
20
Case Study
• The Florida DOT estimates that their recycling program saved over
$38 million in materials costs .
• In 2010,78.2% of all mixes produced for FDOT projects contained RAP.
• Significant energy benefits for using RAP that are the result of
reduced mining, processing, and transportation of virgin aggregate
and extracting, refining, and transportation of asphalt. FDOT
estimates that every ton of asphalt mix containing RAP conserves
200,000 BTUs of energy.
• With over 4.3 million tons of HMA containing RAP in 2010 for FDOT,
the resulting energy savings was over 8.6 billion BTUs
21
Scenario in India
• Earlier in India, the market for asphalt pavement recycling was in

nascent stage.
• Recycling techniques are at least 40 years old. NHAI through their
circulars is only encouraging recycling
• Now, new specifications are in place, which allow the use of RAP in
the new DBM or asphalt layers. This is a major value addition for the
contractor. The revised norms have added a new chapter, on the use
of RAP in construction of new roads.
• The potential of recycling of existing asphalt pavement materials to
produce new pavements is extremely high because there is a
shortage of aggregates in some parts of India, especially in the North
and East, where RAP can be a substitute.
22
General usage of RAP
• RAP material can be used as filling material without doing any

analysis and tests in low lying areas within the city.
• RAP material can be used as GSB (Granular Sub Base).
• RAP material can be used as WMM (Wet Mix Macadam).
• RAP material can be used by way of certain percentage of mixing it
with low CBR soil to improve the CBR of the existing soil.
23
Advantages
• Affordable
• Environmentally friendly
• Excellent Bonding Qualities
• Percolation
• Appearance
24
Limitations
• Leaching
• Coloration
• Variance in Quality
• Cold Temperature Performance
25
Need for the Study in the Context of Future of Cities
• Cost of construction
• Resources are non-renewable in nature
• Conservation of energy
26
Conclusions
• RAP can be effectively used as aggregate in quality concrete in place

of virgin aggregate as a green initiative
• Increase in addition of RAP adversely affects performance of
concrete and it’s mechanical properties like compression strength
and workability of concrete
• Strength values of pavement is also decreasing with increase in
addition of RAP
• Since the addition of RAP affects the strength of concrete/pavement ,
optimum percentage of RAP to be used should be found for each
project
• RAP can be used as aggregate up to 40% replacement in
pavement/concrete
27
SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES
Further investigation can be carried out for more than 40% of the
RAP materials with respect to reducing the Virgin materials and their
Marshall Properties, ITS and Fatigue test behavior can be evaluated.
28
References
• EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS MIXES WITH

RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) MATERIALS (CASE STUDY TUMKUR TO CHITRADURGA-
NH4) by Sunil S, K.M.Mallesh, T. Chandrasekaraiah
• Manjunatha KA,Narasimha murthy ,MR Murali mohan ,MV Antony sebastain (2015)
Feasibility study of RAP as aggregate in cement concrete.
• Michael J.Bergin, Mang Tia, and Nabil Hossiney, (2010) ,Concrete Containing RAP for Use in
Concrete Pavement
• Fidelis O. OKAFOR, 2010, Performance of Recycled Asphalt Pavement as Coarse Aggregate in
Concrete
• Sani Mohammed Bida,Muktarnuhu Danraka,Jiya Mohammed ma Ali, 2013, Performance of
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has a replacement of fine aggregate in concrete
• Nabil Hossiney, Mang Tia, and Michael J. Bergin, 2010, Concrete Containing RAP for Use in
Concrete Pavement
• Michael Berry ,Jerry Stephens ,Bethany Bermel ,Adam Hagel ,David Schroeder, 2013,
Feasibility of Reclaimed asphalt pavement as aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete
• Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy, Suvarna P ,A detailed study on reclaimed asphalt pavement in
pavement quality cement concrete
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References
• Dharmesh Kumar, Dr. R.K Pandey, A Reappraisal Paper on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
• RandyC.West,J.Richard Willis, CASE STUDIES ONSUCCESSFUL UTILIZATION OF RECLAIMED
ASPHALT PAVEMENT and RECYCLED ASPHALT SHINGLES IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
• Jaspreet Singh, A.K Duggal An Experimental Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Dense
Bituminous Macadam
• J. Don Brock,Jeff L. Richmond- “MILLING AND RECYCLING”, https://www.roadtec.com
t127_techpaper_millingrecycling.pdf
• http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/~foc/pdf/Module-24-KSR.pdf
• http://www.equipmentindia.com/News.aspx?nId=bedYV1aczXN3Fw64tHj4sQ==
• https://www.nbmcw.com/roads-pavements/28474-hot-mix-recycling-of-asphalt-pavements-
materials-india.html
• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813046028
• http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0001374
• USE OF RAP MATERIAL IN BITUMINIOUS PAVEMENT by Saurabh S Mahankale, Satish R Patel,
Vishal A Patil, Abhishek A Dalvi, Prof.Kaustubh. U. Saraf.
30
Thank You
31
Faculty
©M. S. of
Ramaiah
Engineering
University
& Technology
of Applied Sciences © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

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Seminar Presentation

B.Tech (Civil Engineering)

• To study on the usage of Recycled asphalt pavement(RAP) materials.

Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is the term given to removed or

In the recycling process the material from deteriorated pavement,known

• In the recycling process the material from deteriorated pavement,

• Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is mainly used in three ways, first

• It is the process of removing at least part of the surface of

• Manjunatha KA,Narasimha murthy ,MR Murali mohan ,MV Antony

• Fidelis O. OKAFOR, 2010, Performance of Recycled Asphalt Pavement

in line with specific standards. Based on the results obtained, RAP

FLORIDA DOT’S RECYCLING PROGRAM

• Earlier in India, the market for asphalt pavement recycling was in

• RAP material can be used as filling material without doing any

• RAP can be effectively used as aggregate in quality concrete in place

• EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS MIXES WITH

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