Use of waste tyre rubber in concrete

INDEX

S.NO. TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 Abstract
2 Introduction
3 Literature review
4 Objective and scope
5 Materials and Methodology
7 Concluding remark
8 References

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ABSTRACT

Rubber tires are very difficult to dispose as they do not degrade easily and hence pose
various problems. Therefore waste rubber can be instead used in the making of concrete. In
this study, rubber crumbs were used to replace the fine aggregates in the concrete mix in
proportions of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%. The effects of the resulting mix on the workability and
compressive strength were then tested. There is an increase and then decrease in workability
as the proportion of rubber crumbs in the mix increases. The effects on compressive strength
is the opposite to that of workability.

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 Use of waste tyre rubber in concrete

CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Concrete
It is one the foremost extensively used construction material everywhere the planet.
Scientists and researchers are in quest for developing alternate construction material that are
environment friendly and contribute towards sustainable development. Vast quantity of rubber
tires waste is being generated day by day that creates the disposal drawback and has several
environmental problems. As this scrap rubber waste is associate in nursing elastic material
having less relative density, energy sorbent may be used as a replacement material for getting
light-weight concrete. In present study a shot is formed to partly replace the rubber aggregates
by fine aggregates in concrete and to review its impact on properties of concrete. In a quick
creating nation like India there is increment in urbanization coming about increment in utilizing
of vehicles all things considered. With the expansion of vehicles the quantum of utilized and
rejected tires is additionally being expanded. These squanders and rejected tyres gravely
influence the earth. To help the general public especially to have the better condition these waste
tires can be used into concrete construction. It is the essential point of our examination to present
another Technology which will be valuable to condition.
Through this examination we are going to discover the reasonable extent and level of
blending the recycled coarse rubber aggregates acquired from waste tires with the locally
accessible materials required for concrete. For this reason, there is various research center tests
on arranged examples and the outcomes so got have been investigated appropriately. Concrete ,
the ingredients of which are cement ,steel , aggregates (sand, stone-chips ) is the most important
material in construction work. Hence, there is a high demand for those materials in the
commercial sector. It is known fact that in general aggregates used in concrete are obtained by
mining. Unfortunately mining causes severe environmental damages by lowering the ground
water table
Concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and water[1].
Concrete is cured for 28 days to attain good strength. Various properties are linked with
concrete: Workability is considered as fresh concrete property, where as compressive, tensile
and flexural strengths belong to hardened concrete properties. Coarse and fine aggregate used in
concrete serve as filling and densifying the material Nowadays, concrete has become the most
widely used material due to easy and local availability of sand and coarse aggregates. But there
are many drawback of using aggregates in concrete on a large scale. Coarse aggregates are
obtained from mountains and rocks through quarry and crushing: Nevertheless, these processes
are hazardous and
are badly damaging the environment. There is a possible use of rubber tyre particles instead of
coarse and find aggregate in concrete. Millions of rubber tyers become waste every year and
their disposal has become a serious concern. Moreover, the burning of the waste rubber tyres
becomes a cause of pollution for environment. Using rubber in concrete by partial replacing
aggregates do not increase compressive and tensile strength than an ordinary concrete but a
suitable strength still can be obtained for use in structures. Rubber can be reused in sizes of
coarse aggregates as well as ground to the scale of fine aggregates.
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1.2. What is concrete Concrete

is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid
cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. Concrete is the second-most-used
substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material. Its usage
worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Globally,
the ready-mix concrete industry, the largest segment
of the concrete market, is projected to exceed $600 billion in revenue by 2025. This widespread
use results in a number of
environmental impacts. Most notably, the production process for cement produces large volumes
of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to net 8% of global emissions. Other environmental
concerns include widespread illegal sand mining, impacts on the surrounding environment such

fig.12.1. concrete constituent.

as increased surface runoff or urban heat island effect, and potential public health implications
from toxic ingredients. Significant research and development is being done to try to reduce the
emissions or make concrete a source of carbon sequestration, and increase recycled and
secondary raw materials content into the mix to achieve a circular economy. Concrete is
expected to be a key material for structures resilient to climate disasters, as well as a solution to
mitigate the pollution of other industries, capturing wastes such as coal fly ash or bauxite
tailings and residue.

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There are many different types of concrete, some of which can be used for the same purpose. It
depends on the goal you wish to achieve. You can choose the appropriate form of concrete to
accomplish the task

1. Normal Strength Concrete

This concrete combines all the basic ingredients — concrete, sand and aggregate — using the
1:2:4 ratio. This produces normal strength concrete. It takes about 30 to 90 minutes to set, but
this is dependent on the weather conditions at the concrete site and the cement’s properties.

It’s normally used for pavements or buildings that don’t need high tensile strength. It is not very
good for many other structures since it doesn’t withstand the stresses created by wind loading or
vibrations very well.

2. Plain or Ordinary Concrete

This is another concrete that uses the common mix design of 1:2:4 with its components of
cement, sand and aggregates. You can employ it to make pavement or buildings where there is
not a high demand for tensile strength. It faces the same challenges as normal strength concrete
— it doesn’t stand up very well to vibrations or wind loading. Plain or ordinary concrete is also
used in dam construction. The durability rating of this kind of concrete is very satisfactory.

3. Reinforced Concrete
This form of concrete is widely used in industry and modern construction. The strength of
reinforced concrete is aided by placing wires, steel rods or cables in the concrete before it sets. A
more familiar name for these items is rebar. Lately, people have used fibers to reinforce this
concrete.

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These reinforcements resist tensile forces while the concrete itself helps resist compressive
forces. They create a strong bond and, as a result, the two materials resist a variety of applied
forces. In essence, they become a single structural element.

Invented in the 19th century, it dramatically changed the construction industry. Buildings,
bridges and roadways rely on reinforced concrete. When you travel near a construction site,
you’re likely to see reinforced concrete with rebar.

4. Prestressed Concrete
Many large concrete projects use prestressed concrete units. Prestressed concrete is created
using a special technique. Like reinforced concrete, it includes bars or tendons. But these bars or
tendons are stressed before the actual application of the concrete.

When the concrete is mixed and placed, these bars are placed at each end of the structural unit
where they are used. When the concrete sets, this unit is put into compression.

This process makes the lower section of the unit stronger against tensile forces. It requires heavy
equipment, however, and skilled labor. Normally, prestressed units are created and assembled
on-site. Prestressed concrete is used to build bridges, heavy loaded structures or roofs that have
long spans.

5. Precast Concrete
This concrete is created and cast in a factory according to exact specifications. Precast concrete
units are then transported to the site and assembled.

You frequently see these units transported to worksites as you drive on highways. Precast
concrete is used for:

Concrete blocks
Precast walls
Staircase units
Poles
The advantage of using precast concrete is its speedy assembly. Since the units are manufactured
in a factory, they are of very high quality.

6. Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concrete is any kind of concrete that has a density of less than 1920kg/m3.
Lightweight concrete is created by using lightweight aggregates. Aggregates are ingredients that
add to the density of the style of concrete. These lightweight aggregates include natural
materials like scoria or pumice, artificial materials like clays and expanded shales or processed
materials like vermiculite and perlite. Its most important property is that it has very low thermal
conductivity.

Common uses for lightweight concrete include creating long spanning bridge decks and building
blocks. It can also be used to protect steel structures.

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7. High-Density Concrete
High-density concrete has a very specific purpose. It is frequently used in the construction of
atomic power plants. The heavyweight aggregates used in the creation of high-density concrete
help the structure resist radiation.

Crushed rocks are normally used. Barytes, a colorless or white material that consists of barium
sulfate and is the principal ingredient in barium, is the crushed rock most often employed.

8. Air-Entrained Concrete
Some types of concrete hold billions of microscopic air cells in every cubic foot. These tiny air
pockets relieve the internal pressure on the concrete. They provide tiny chambers where water
can expand when it freezes.

The air is entrained in the concrete by adding various foaming agents such as alcohols, resins or
fatty acids during the mixing process. This must be done under careful engineering supervision
since the concrete is mixed on the job site. The entrained air adds up to about 3% to 6% of the
volume of the concrete. Almost all concrete used in a freezing environment or where there are
freeze-thaw cycles is air-entrained.

9. Ready-Mix Concrete
Concrete prepared and bathed in a centrally located plant is known as ready-mix concrete. This
concrete is mixed as it is transported to the site in the familiar cement trucks seen often on roads
and highways. Once the trucks reach the worksite, the cement can be used immediately because
it does not need further treatment. Ready-mix concrete is a specialty concrete that is mixed
based on specifications developed with great precision.

Creating ready-mix concrete requires a centralized location where the concrete can be prepared.
These locations need to be placed at an adjustable distance from the worksite. If the concrete
takes too long to reach the worksite, it will be of no use. In most cases, the worksite to far from
the preparation plant. Retarding agents are sometimes used to delay how long the concrete takes
to set.

Ready-mix concrete is preferred to concrete mixed on-site because the mixture has higher
precision and having the concrete ready to pour reduces confusion on the worksite. Ready-mix
concrete can be used for buildings, roadways, walls and more.

10. Volumetric Concrete

This concrete was created as an alternative to ready-mix concrete to address the problem of long
distances between the concrete plant and construction sites. It requires specialized trucks known
as volumetric mobile mixers. They carry the concrete ingredients and the water that will be
mixed at the construction site.

Volumetric concrete is extremely useful when a builder requires two different kinds of concrete
mix at a single site. Since the concrete can be mixed and delivered as needed, it allows one truck
to produce two different mixes of concrete. It is very useful on large sites, basement
constructions and multi-projects where you need different types of concrete.

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11. Decorative Concrete

Decorative concrete creates visually and aesthetically appealing concrete mixes. Decorative
concrete can go through several processes, such as:

Coloring
Molding
Polishing
Etching
Applying decorative toppings
It is ideal for any project in which you want to make an aesthetic statement. It’s also a great way
to add a bit of “personality” to dull surfaces or structures. For instance, swimming pools and
flooring can make great use of decorative concrete.

12. Rapid-Set Concrete

In a hurry? Then you need rapid-set concrete. It’s ideal when you’re short on time to complete a
project. It has faster set times and is very resistant to low temperatures, so it can be used any
time of the year. It’s especially useful in winters when the cold weather does not allow you to
use many other kinds of concrete.

13. Smart Concrete

This is the concrete technology of the future. It offers a different way to monitor the condition of
reinforced concrete structures. Short carbon fibers are added to the concrete using a conventional
concrete mixer. This affects the electrical resistance of the concrete when it encounters strain or
stress. This kind of concrete can be used to detect possible problems before the failure of the
concrete.

It is very good at sensing tiny structural flaws. While not widely available yet, it promises to be
the building material of the future for cities that face a repeated earthquake risk. Smart concrete
allows engineers in those cities to check the health of structures after earthquakes, providing a
far better assessment of their condition than a visual inspection.

14. Pervious Concrete

This is one of the most common kinds of concrete used to build roads and pavements. It is
designed to deal with the problems of stormwater runoff and pools of water and puddles on
roadways or airport runways.

Other concrete absorbs water. Roadways that use pervious concrete have fewer problems with
hydroplaning, tire spray and snow buildup. It also reduces the need for curbing and storm
sewers.
It’s a familiar sight on many American highways — a heavy roller compacting a layer of
concrete. Roll-compacted concrete is a strong, dense concrete used on heavily trafficked
highways with vehicles that carry large loads. This concrete emits fewer emissions during the
production process, which benefits the environment.

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Roll compacted concrete can be found in roadworks, airport runways, car parks, pavements and
industrial servicing.

18. Glass Concrete

Another, more modern form of concrete, glass concrete features the use of recycled glass. This
form of concrete is used when aesthetic appeal is an important element in the design of the
concrete.

Commonly used in the large-format slabs found in flooring or on decorative façades, this
concrete can have shining or colored glass embedded during the mixing process to give it a
distinctive splash of color or sparkle.

19. Asphalt Concrete

More commonly known as “asphalt” or “blacktop,” this is a form of concrete frequently used on
roads, on airport runways, on highways, in parking lots, for sidewalks — basically anywhere
pavement is needed. Asphalt is a dark mineral composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons called
bitumens.

The desire for asphalt grew along with the automobile industry. Known for its durability,
workability, skid resistance, stability, fatigue resistance, flexibility and permeability, it still
requires a properly designed mixture. It is a composite mixture of aggregates and asphalt. The
different mixtures of asphalt are used for different purposes.

20. Shotcrete Concrete

Shotcrete differs from other forms of concrete primarily in the way it is applied. Shotcrete is
shot through a nozzle onto a frame or formwork. Since this application requires higher air
pressure, the compaction process takes place at the same time as the placing.

Shotcrete can be used to repair damaged wood, concrete or steel structures. It is also commonly
used when access to a work area is difficult or when formwork is impractical or cost-prohibitive.

Rubberized Bitumen is being used in USA from 1960 Currently Arizona, Florida, Texas and
California using 2 million tons of Rubberized Bitumen. Rubberized Bitumen is very popular in
Australia for chip sealing wearing course sand structural layers. Use of Rubberized Bitumen
being increase in developing countries of Latin America. In 1960s scrap tyres were processed
and used as a secondary material in the pavement industry. One application was introduced by
two Swedish companies which produced a surface asphalt mixture with the addition of a small
quantity of ground rubber from discarded tyres as a substitute for a part of the mineral aggregate
in the mixture, in order to obtain asphalt mixture with improved resistance to studded tyres as
well as

to snow chains, via a process known as ‘‘dry process’’. In the same period Charles McDonalds, a
materials engineer of the city of Phoenix in Arizona (USA), was the first to find that after thoroughly
mixing crumbs of RTR with bitumen (CRM) and allowing it to react for a period of 45 min to an hour, this
material captured beneficial engineering characteristics of both base ingredients. He called it Asphalt
Rubber and the technology is well known as the ‘‘wet process’’. By 1975, Crumb Rubber was
successfully incorporated into asphalt mixtures and in 1988 a definition for rubberised bitumen was
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included in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D8 and later specified in ASTM
D6114- 97. In 1992 the patent of the McDonald’s process expired and the material is now considered a
part of the public domain. Furthermore, in 1991, the United States federal law named ‘‘Intermodal
Surface Transportation Efficiency Act’’ (then rescinded), mandated its widespread use, the Asphalt-
Rubber technology concept started to make a ‘‘quiet come back’’. Since then, considerable research has
been done worldwide to validate and improve technologies related to rubberised asphalt pavements.
Nowadays, these rubberised bitumen materials, obtained through the wet process, have spread
worldwide as solutions for different quality problems (asphalt binders, pavements, stress absorbing lays
and inlayers, roofing materials, etc.) with much different evidence of success demonstrated by roads
built in the last 30 years.

1.3.PROCESS OF MAKING RUBBERISED BITUMEN

This terminology is related to the system of producing RTR-MB with the original wet process
proposed by Charles McDonald in the1960s. The McDonald blend is a Bitumen Rubber blend produced
in a blending tank by blending Crumb Rubber and bitumen. This modified binder is then passed to a
holding tank, provided with augers to ensure circulation, to allow the reaction of the blend for a
sufficient period (generally 45–60 min). The reacted binder is then used for mix production. Continuous
Blending-reaction Systems: This system is similar to the McDonald process of blending, the difference is
that CRM and bitumen are continuously blended during the mix production or prepared by hand and
then stored in storage tanks for later use. Therefore, it consists of a unique unit with agitators, in which
the reaction occurs during the blending

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CHAPTER 2.
LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Esh maiel ganjian et al investigated the concrete mixture by using tire chipped replaced to
coarse aggregates and waste tire crumb powder replaced to cement at 5%, 7.5% and 10% to
examine the concrete properties. The result showed that with increase in percentages of rubber
compressive strength reduction was less than 5% and with 7.5% and 10% replacement higher
reduction occure modulus of elasticity reduces up to 17-28% for 5 to 10% replacement of
chipped rubber to aggregate in concrete, tensile strength and flexural strength reduced with
increased percentages of rubber in concrete.

[2] Cammille A Issa, et al have been used recycled crumb rubber as a substitute for fine
aggregate in concrete at 0% to 100% replacement to crushed sand in concrete mix. The result
showed that 25% Replacement of crushed sand gives good compressive strength and by using
crumb rubber up to 25% results in 8% decrease in density of concrete and ductility of concrete
increases therefore it is useful in shock resisting element , highway barrier etc. And also
damping properties improves.

[3] F pache co- Torgal et al have been studied the effect on fresh and hardened concrete
properties by using polymeric waste like tire rubber and PET bottles in concrete mix. The results
of many researchers showed that with increase in rubber content workability (slump)
increases, and the properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength
and modulus of elasticity decreases. But for higher content of tire rubber in concrete
mix increases the toughness of concrete...
[4] Sulagno Banerjee, Jessy Rooby studied Due to the fast development in vehicle industry,
utilization of tyre is expanding everyday and there is no reuse of the equivalent to diminish the
natural contamination. The transfer of waste tyres is confronting serious issues in India. The
developing issue of waste tyre transfer in India can be eased if new reusing courses can be found
for the surplus tyres. It is evaluated that 1.2 billions of waste tyre rubber delivered all inclusive
in a year. It is assessed that 11% of postconsumer tyres are traded and 27% are sent to landfill,
accumulated or dumped wrongfully and just 4% is utilized for structural building ventures.
Subsequently endeavors have been taken to distinguish the potential utilization of waste tyres in
structural building ventures.In this present study, cubes are casted of M25 grade by replacing 5,
10, 15 percent of tyre rubber aggregate with coarse aggregate and compared with regular M25
grade concrete. Properties of fresh concrete like workability, compressive strength,split tensile
strength,flexural strength of hardened concrete were identified. The aim is to investigate the
optimal use of waste tyre rubber as coarse aggregate in concrete composite.

[5] Sulagno Banerjee, Research scholar of Civil Engineerieng

Department, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Padur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
& Assistant Professor, Civil Engineerieng Department, Elitte College Of Engineering, Sodepur,
Kolkata, IndiaJessy Rooby, Professor of Civil Engineering Department, Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science, Padur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, It also disintegrates rock strata
which is mainly responsible for earthquake as well as land slide. Engineers are certainly trying
to figure out an alternative materials as a solution of the aforesaid problem. Number of
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 Use of waste tyre rubber in concrete

researchers have conducted to find out the alternative use of the above traditional materials.
Emiroglu et al [1] found that Slump relies on rubber content and there is a steady diminishing in
strength with the increase of rubber. Gammel et al
[6] tested concrete with 10% - 25% crumb rubber replacement along with Silica fume and
Rubcrete. Sali Tayeh et al [3] found satisfactory performance against impact load and bending
load with expanded in level of sand substitution by the crumb rubber. Helme et al
[7] suggested 25% substitution demonstrated compressive quality inside permissible range for
most utilizations of concrete of the control mix design.Naito et al
[8] found unit weight of C R C decreases linearly. Richardson et al found concrete strength
reduction is an indication of air void / crumb spacing which offers freeze / thaw protection.
Richardson et al
[9] concluded addition of 0.5% and 1% rubber crumb by mass of concrete to replicate levels of
air entrainment that will give durability. Naik et al
[10] discovered that it is conceivable to make generally high strength rubber concrete utilizing
magnesium oxy chloride cement, which gives better bonding attributes to rubber and
fundamentally improves the performance of rubcrete. Senthilet al
[11] found grade of concrete plays the major role in the ductility performance of rubber
replaced concrete.

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2.2. Objectives and scope

The scope of our project is to see how different types of rubber affects the compressive strength
of a given grade of concrete. The rubber percentage replacement for this experiment is-
 10%
 15%
 20%
 25%
Addition of rubber in a concrete mix enhances the following properties
 Workability
 Impact strength
 Plasticity

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CHAPTER 3.
METHODOLOGY

1.1. Materials and Methodology

Materials

The materials used in this experiment were cement, water, super plasticizer, rubber crumb, fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates
Cement: OPC (ordinary Portland cement) 53 grade was used
Fine Aggregate: Sand available in the concrete technology lab of Zone II with specific gravity
2.51 and water absorption 0.52% as per IS 456
Coarse aggregate: Maximum size of 10mm coarse Aggregate was used with specific gravity
2.62 and water absorption 1.95%
Water: Potable water available in the Laboratory water cement ratio adopted is 0.4
Super Plasticizer: Due to addition of rubber the workability increases so less amount is added
rubber: fine powder of rubber (rubber crumb)
Properties of rubber crumb
Property Observation
Specific Gravity 0.8
Water absorption 7.2%

1.2 WORK FLOW

Workability: The slump cone test was done for each batch giving the workability measure.
Compressive strength test: for this test cube molds were taken with dimensions 100 x 100 x
100mm and cast for M30 Grade Concrete. The molds were filled with normal M30 concrete,
10%, 15%, 20% and 25% rubber content, the molds were vibrated for a maximum of 2 minutes
for compaction. The specimens were demolded after a setting time of 24 hours and then placed
in the curing tank for 28 days. After 28 days the cubes were tested in a compressive test machine
available to us in the laboratory. Three specimens each for particular rubber dosage were tested
and the failure load was noted for each specimen the average was taken as per IS 516- 1959.
Failure Stress is calculated as follows
Compressive strength (Mpa) = Failure load /Cross-sectional area
Failure in Cubes
The failure in concrete occurs due to breaking of the C-S-H bond between the coarse aggregates,
fine aggregate and the rubber.

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CHAPTER 4.
CONCLUDING REMARK.

As we can see from the above results, the workability of the concrete increases as there is
increase in the amount of rubber present in a unit volume of concrete. And then it starts
decreasing on further increasing the rubber content.
The increased workability of the rubber concrete can be parameter in the choice of placing
technique of the concrete. Since, the rubber concrete has increased workability, placing of
concrete by pumping techniques would be very suitable. The making of rubber concrete requires
high level of supervision. Hence, rubber concrete can be easily made in the factory and later
transported and pumped easily.

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REFERENCES

[1] Ki sang son, Iman Hajirasouliha, Kypros Pilakoutas. Strength and deformability of waste
tyre rubber filled RC column. Elsevier 2011 pp 218-226
[2] Eshmaile Ganjian, Morteza Khorami, Ali Akbar Maghsoudi. Scraptyre-rubber replacement
for aggregate and filler in concrete. Elsevier 2009 pp 1828-1836
[3] Camille A. Issa, George Salem. Utilization of recycled crumb as fine aggregates in concrete
mix design. Elsevier 2013 pp 48-52.
[4] F. Pacheco-Torgal, Yining Ding, Said Jalali. Properties and durability of concrete containing
polymeric wastes (tire rubber and polyethylene terephthalate bottles) 2012 pp 714-724
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