MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

IN HYDRO ELECTRIC
PROJECT
URI-2 (60*4=240) MW

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ISHAN(11000519)
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By
ISHAN SHARMA
(11000519)
 COORPORATE VISION

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A world class, diversified and

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transitional organization for sustainable
development of hydropower and water
resources with strong environment
conscience.

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 WHY HYDROPOWER?
 A renewable source of energy - saves scarce fuel reserves.
Non-polluting and hence environment friendly.

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

 Long life - the first hydro project completed in 1897 is still in operation.
Lower cost of generation, operation and maintenance than other

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
sources of energy.
 Ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load acceptance /
rejection - suitable to meet peak demand and for enhancing system
reliability and stability.
 Have higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas
(around 50%).
 Cost of generation is free from inflationary effects after the initial
installation.
 Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of
irrigation, flood control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation
etc.
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 Being labour intensive, provide employment opportunities.
 Being located in remote regions, lead to development of interior areas.
  PREAMBLE
Electric Power is the basic requirement for survival of

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o

life. Industrial growth, is depend on availability of

Power.

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o Hydro electric projects are best available source of
power.
o NHPC is ranked as a premier organization in the country
for development of hydropower.
o Company successfully completed 15 projects with total
installed capacity of 5526 MW.
o Other 9 projects are under construction with total
installed capacity of 4271 MW.
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 
 Requirement

 Basically working of hydro electric project can be defined

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simply that river water stored in Dam/Reservoir, allowed to
travel through tunnel or open channel towards D/S side so

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that sufficient head can be obtained to run the turbine inside
Power House . This water after running of turbine allowed to
rejoin the River through the tail race tunnel.
 Design is prepared in such a way that the force/pressure of
water could not damage the structure and travel to its
destination freely. As such gates at different points needed to
control the damage and free flow of water.
 Because gravity provides the force which makes the water
fall, the energy stored in the water is called gravitational
potential energy. 5
 LAYOUT OF HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT

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Layout of Hydro electric power plant

 Water reservoir:

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• In a reservoir the water collected from the catchment area is
stored behind a dam.

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• Catchment area gets its water from rain and streams.
• The level of water surface in the reservoir is called Head
water level
 Dam :
• The purpose of the dam is to store the water and to regulate
the out going flow of water.
• The dam helps to store all the incoming water. It also helps to
increase the head of the water. In order to generate a required
quantity of power it is necessary that a sufficient head is
available.

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 Layout of Hydro electric power plant

spillway radial & stop log gates :

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•Dam spillway radial gates & spillway stop log gates used to control

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the required level of water in Dam and spill out the excess water
through the opening provided in the Dam body.
•Radial design of gates help to distribute the pressure available in the
reservoir at lower end of gate /opening.
•The provision of stop log gates is necessary to facilitate repair and
maintenance of radial gates. Hoisting facility created for free working
of gates.

 Pressure tunnel:
• It is a passage that carries water from the reservoir to the surge
tank 8
 4/5/20
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conveying water from the intake to the power
house.
Of concrete in low heads
Of steel , suitable for all heads

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Layout of Hydro electric power plant
 Surge tank:
• A Surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which the water level

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rises or falls due to sudden changes in pressure.
Purpose of surge tank:

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• To serve as a supply tank to the turbine when the water in the pipe
is accelerated during increased load conditions and as a storage
tank when the water is decelerating during reduced load
conditions.
silt flushing gates:
•The water carry excessive silt with it and the same is required to be
controlled before entry inside tunnel.
•As such silt chambers created to flush out the excessive silt keeping
in view the safety of Turbine , penstocks MIV & other civil
structures from damage.
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  Power House..
The power
The power house
house is
is aa building
building in
in which
which the
the turbines,
turbines, alternators
alternators and
and the
the
plant are
auxiliary plant are housed.
housed. Some
Some important
important items
items of
of equipment
equipment provided
provided

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in the
in the power
power house
house are
are as
as follows:
follows:
i.i. Main
Main Inlet
Inlet Valve
Valve

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ii. Turbines
ii. Turbines
iii. Generators
iii. Generators
iv. Governors
iv. Governors
v. Transformer
v. Transformer
vi. Switch
vi. Switch board
board equipment
equipment and and instruments
instruments
vii. Head
vii. Head Race
Race Tunnel
Tunnel
viii. Storage
viii. Storage batteries
batteries
ix. Outgoing
ix. Outgoing connections
connections
x. Cranes
x. Cranes
xi. Control
xi. Control Room
Room
xii. Tail
xii. Tail Race
Race Tunnel
Tunnel
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View of power house
COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE
MIV (Main inlet valve)

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• MIV is the spherical valve which installed before water enter
into spiral casing of the hydro turbine. Water from the dam
goes to the penstock and before water enters the turbine.

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•MIV is a component in between stop the water for small
maintenance purpose in the turbine hall.
•There are of following type depend upon the head:
I. Butterfly valve (up to 200 m head)
II. Spherical valve (more than200m head)

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COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE

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 Hydraulic turbine :
• The hydraulic turbine converts the energy of water into
mechanical energy. The mechanical energy(rotation) available

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on the turbine shaft is coupled to the shaft of an electric
generator and electricity is produced. The water after
performing the work on turbine blades is discharged through
the draft tube.
• The prime movers which are in common use are Pelton wheel,
Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine.
Governor:(works at minimum pressure of 60 bar)
•Used for controlling the guide vanes by detecting turbine speed &
its guide vane opening in order to keep turbine speed stable or to
regulate its output.
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COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE

 Generator

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 Generator is coupled to the

turbine and converts the

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mechanical energy transmitted
by the turbine to electrical
Energy.
o As the water rushes through

the turbine, it spins the turbine

shaft, which is coupled to the
electric generator. The generator
has a rotating electromagnet
called a rotor and a stationary part
called a stator. The rotor creates a
magnetic field that produces an
electric charge in the stator. 15
COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE
Generator Step Up Transformer:

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
• A transformers is a device that increases or decreases the voltage of
alternating current. A step-up transformer is one whose secondary voltage

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is greater than its primary voltage.
• The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current
can produce a magnetic field and second that a changing magnetic field
within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil
changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux
induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
 Turbine and generator are directly coupled; the speed of turbine is same
as the synchronous speed of the generator.
 N=60f/p
 In the project specifications; f=100 Hz, p=20 poles 16
 Thus, N=300 r.p.m.
COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE

Gas Insulated Switchyard (GIS):

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
 The function of electrical switch yard is to deliver the generated

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power from power plant at desired voltage level to the nearest grid.
Or In Another way we can say simply switching the received power
supply from various generating stations to various locations with
respect to their requirement. .
 Gas Insulated Substation uses sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas which
has a superior dielectric properties used at moderate pressure for
phase to phase and phase to ground insulation.
 This switchyard is connected with XLPE (cross-linked polyethene)
cable to carry high current. It has 20 cables for four units switchgear
 Draft Tube:
 It is connected to the outlet of the turbine. 17
 It allows the turbine to be placed above the tail water level.
COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE
Tail Race Tunnel:

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
 The Water rejoins the River through Tail Race outlet. No Gate is
provided here, Tail Race Tunnel is designed to avoid any creation of

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Vacuum for the safety of the structure. The Deepest Point is located at
the centre of its total length so that the tunnel remains filled with water.
Tail Race Tunnel carry the water after Draft tube to rejoin the River.
 Tail race head=1111m
 Length from draft tube to tail race head tunnel=3.47 km.
 Control Room:
 The main control and automation system in a
hydroelectric power plant are associated with start and
stop sequence for the unit and optimum running control
of power (real and reactive), voltage and frequency. This
system reduces human effort. 18
BRIEF REPRESENTATION

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COMPONENTS OF POWER HOUSE

Power Transmission:

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
 Transmission lines are generally strung on steel-lattice towers. The
towers are over 150 feet high. There are eight lines on these

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transmission towers. The first six cables are two different three phase
lines from the switch yard. The two cables on the top of the tower are
grounding conductors, which are primarily there to attract lightning.
 Power Distribution :
 Power from the transmission sub stations enters the distribution
substation in the same way, by passing through the switch towers.
This substation brings the line voltage down from 63,000 volts to
7,200 volts for distribution to homes and businesses. Most distribution
lines for homes will be serviced by lower voltage lines, in this case
7,200 volts, where the businesses and industrial facilities will be
serviced by higher voltage lines such as 19,900 volts.  20
 FUTURE SCOPE OF
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Hydropower is the most widely used type of renewable energy

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
source used for the generation of electricity on small scale as
well as large scale basis. The generation of electricity from

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hydroelectric power plants produces no greenhouse gases, toxic
waste and particulate matter.
 Green power is power from a source that is environmentally
responsible. The sources include wind turbines, solar arrays or
photovoltaic arrays, geothermal power and others! 
Many utility companies are selling green power to their
customers, and replacing the amount of fossil fuel or nuclear
fuel that would have been burned to generate it, with the energy
from the Sun, wind, and Earth! 

One day perhaps all power will be green power! 21

REFERENCES:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropowe

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
r-plant.html
 http://www.electricityforum.com/hydroelectricity.html

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 http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Hydro/hydro.html
 Power house documents created by ALSTOM
 Slide share search for documents
 Dr. RK Bansal, Fluid dynamics and hydraulic machines, Laxmi
publications
 NHPC Documents.
 http://www.scribdd.com

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 4/5/20
N K Y O U
TH A

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R Y O UR
FO
SUP P OR T

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