Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Biology 1414 Unit 8 Metabolism and Nutrition

Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Biology 1414
Unit 8
Metabolism and Nutrition
Objective 1
Define metabolism and differentiate

between catabolism and anabolism. Be
able to apply the latter two terms to
various metabolic reactions.
Unit 8 - Objective 1
Definition of Metabolism
Metabolism is defined as the sum total of

all chemical reactions that occur in the
body.
Catabolism
Catabolism is that part of metabolism that

involves the break down of large, complex
molecules into smaller, more simplified
products. This occurs during digestion,
removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation),
carboxyl groups (decarboxylation) and
amino groups (deamination), oxidation,
etc.
Anabolism
Anabolism is that part of metabolism that
involves the synthesis of larger, more
complex molecules from small, simple
reactants. Examples of anabolism would
include the synthesis of glycogen from
glucose, protein from amino acids, fat
from glycerol and fatty acids and
construction of new antibodies and new
enzymes.
Objective 2
Indicate the location of , diagram and describe

the major metabolic pathways involved in the
catabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide and
water. Indicate where hydrogens are given off,
where ATP is made where oxygen is utilized,
where water is produced and identify key
assigned intermediates.
Glucose Catabolsm
Glucose Catabolism is one of the primary

metabolic events that occurs during cell
metabolism. The portion of cell metabolism
that breaks down glucose is generally called
cellular respiration. Cellular respiration has
three major events; glycolysis, the Krebs
cycle and the electron transport system
(ETS).
Location of the Major Metabolic
Pathways
Metabolic Pathway Location
Glycolysis Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle Mitochondria
(matrix)
Electron Transport Mitrochondria
System (cristae)
Events of Glycolysis
In phase one, Glycolysis takes in glucose as a
“fuel” and transforms it into a “super active”
intermediate compound called Fructose-1,6-
Diphosphate (F-1,6-DP). This is accomplished
by using two ATP molecules to phosphorylate the
sugar at carbons 1 and 6. In phase two, the F-
1,6-DP sugar then splits (lysis) into two, half
sized sugar fragments which become
Glyceraldehyde Phosphate and
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate.
In phase three, the two half sized intermediates
are oxidized down to two pyruvic acid
molecules. During this process, inorganic
phosphate is added from the substrate of the
cytoplasm to each intermediate, hydrogen along
with its electrons are removed from each
intermediate, NAD picks up the hydrogens for
transport and all of the phosphate is removed (4
total) from the intermediates. This phosphate is
added to ADP to form four ATP molecules.
The removal of hydrogen is called
dehydrogenation and is an oxidation process.
When NAD picks up hydrogen, a reduction
process occurs. The addition of phosphate is
called phosphorylation and results in the net
production of two ATP molecules ( two used up
in phase one minus four produced in phase
three). The overall transformation of glucose into
two pyruvic acids is also an oxidation process.
Examine the following slide in order to visualize
the event of Glycolysis.
Summary of Glycolysis
Events of The Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs and
is a metabolic event that follows glycolysis. This
process occurs in the fluid matrix of the
mitochondrion, uses the pyruvic acid from
glycolysis and is aerobic. To begin the Krebs
cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl COA.
Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to
Acetyl COA
The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl COA is a three step
process:
1. First, each of the two pyruvic acids are
decarboxylated . At this point, two carbon
dioxides are produced and diffuse to the
blood. This event yields two acetyl groups.
2. Next, hydrogen is removed from each
acetyl group and added to NAD.The removal of hydrogen
is called dehydrogenation which is an oxidation process.
The addition of hydrogen to NAD is a reduction process.
3. Finally, COA is added to each acetyl group.
AcetylCOA which results from the conversion of pyruvic acid

then reacts with oxaloacetate using an enzyme called citrate
synthase. This results in the first major product of the Krebs cycle
called citric acid. Because of this, the Krebs cycle is sometimes
called the citric acid cycle. The citric acid is then systematically
decarboxylated and dehyrogenated in order to use up the acetyl
groups that were attached to the oxaloacetate. This allows
oxaloacetate and COA to be used in the next cycle.
The conversion of citric acid back to oxaloacetate
involves three dehydrodenations that form three
reduced NAD (NADH2) molecules, one
dehydrogenation that forms one reduced FAD
(FADH2), two decarboxylations that form two
carbon dioxides and one substrate
phosphoporylation that forms an ATP molecule.
When two acetylCOA’s are utilized, two cycles
occur and the above output is doubled.
Output of The Krebs Cycle
1. Six CO2 molecules

2. Eight reduced NAD molecules (NADH2)
3. Two reduced FAD molecules (FADH2)
4. Two ATP molecules
Examine the following slide in order to visualize
the events of the Krebs Cycle.
Summary of the Krebs Cycle
Events of the Electron Transport
System (ETS)
The electron transport system can also be called
the electron transport chain. This metabolic
process uses the reduced NAD and FAD that is
produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The
ETS takes place in the cristae of the
mitochondrion and uses oxygen directly
(aerobic). This system contains respiratory
enzyme complexes that include iron compounds
called cytochromes. The cytochromes accept
hydrogen from NAD and FAD.
System
After receiving hydrogen, the cytochromes split
hydrogen into an electron and a hydrogen ion.
Electrons from hydrogen are passed through the
chain to oxygen. Hydrogen ions are passed into
the space between the inner and outer membane
of the mitochondrion where they accumulate and
create an elevated hydrogen potential. The high
potential causes the hydrogen ions to pass
through an ATP synthase protein portal.
System
The hydrogen from NAD will yield 3 ATP’s and
the hydrogen from FAD will yield 2 ATP’s. The
ETS will process 10 reduced NAD’s from
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to yield 30
ATP’s.The ETS will also process 4 reduced
FAD’s from the Krebs cycle to yield 4 ATP’s.
The hydrogen ions that pass back into the
mitochondrial matrix then combine with the
oxygen that has gained electrons to form water.
Summary of the Electron
Transport System
When hydrogen loses electrons in the ETS, this is
called oxidation. When Oxygen accepts those
electrons, it is called reduction. When ATP
synthase adds phosphate to ADP when it passes
hydrogen ions to reduced oxygen, this process is
called oxidative phosphorylation. The addition of
hydrogen ions to oxygen creates enough water to
yield a net of 6 waters for the process of cellular
respiration. Make note of this when you observe
the slide for Objective 3.
Summary of the Electron
Transport System
Examine the following slides in order to visualize
the events of the electron transport system.
Processing Reduced NAD in the
ETS
Processing Reduced FAD in the
ETS
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Summary of Total ATP Production
Examine the following slide in order to view the
summary of total ATP production in Glycolysis,
the Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport
System.
ATP Formation During Cellular
Respiration
Objective 3
Write the general balanced equation that shows

the catabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide and
water. Include in the equation the formation of
ATP from ADP and phosphate and oxygen
utilization.
General Equation for Cellular
Respiration
C6H12O6 + O6 + 36 ADP + 36 PO4
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + Heat
Objective 4
Diagram and describe how lipids and proteins are

catabolized into carbon dioxide and water.
Unit 8 - Objective4
Catabolism of Lipids
Lipids such as triglycerides are broken down to
fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are broken
down to acetylCOA through a process of beta
oxidation. AcetylCOA is then taken into the
Krebs cycle and converted into carbon dioxide,
reduced NAD and FAD and ATP. Glycerol is
converted into Glyceraldehyde phosphate or
dihydroxyacetone phosphate in Glycolysis and
converted into reduced NAD , ATP and pyruvic
acid.
LIPID METABOLISM
Catabolism of Proteins
Proteins are broken down to amino acids. Amino

acids are deaminated and converted into
metabolic fragments. For example, glycine is
converted into an acetyl group that can become
acetyl COA. AcetylCOA is then broken down in
the Krebs cycle as discussed in the slide before
last. The amine group from glycine is then used
as part of urea formation.
Unit 8 - Objective4
Amino Acid Metabolism
Summary of Lipid and Protein
Catabolism
View the following slide for a summary of lipid
and protein catabolism
Catabolism of Lipids and Proteins
Objective 5
Describe what is meant by the following: beta

oxidation, deamination, glycerol catabolism,
ketone body formation, fatty acid catabolism,
amino acid catabolism.
Beta Oxidation
Beta oxidation is a catabolic process that breaks
down fatty acids two carbon units at a time.
The two carbon units become acetyl groups that
are converted into acetyl COA. An acetyl COA is
then used in the Krebs Cycle to make one ATP , 3
NADH2 and 1 FADH2. If a fatty acid has 18
carbon units, then 9 acetyl COA units would be
made. Think how much extra ATP and reduced
NAD And FAD can be made because of this!
Deamination
Deamination is a catabolic process that removes
an amino group from an amino acid in
preparation for its use in the Krebs Cycle or a
similar metabolic pathway.
Glycerol Catabolism
When fat is digested it is broken down to
glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is then
converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate (GALP)
and used at a mid point in glycolysis (see
Glycolysis in Objective 2). The GALP is then
broken down to form ATP, reduced NAD and
pyruvic acid.
Fatty Acid Catabolism
When fat is digested it is broken down to
glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids are then
broken down by the process of beta oxidation to
produce acetyl COA as discussed in a previous
slide.
Ketone Body Formation
If a person is not getting enough glucose through
the diet (rare!) because of fasting, starvation, etc.
or if glucose is not being transferred from the
blood to body cells (as in diabetes mellitus), then
oxaloacetate from the Krebs Cycle is converted
to new glucose. Without oxaloacetate, Acetyl
COA cannot be used and accumulates. The liver
then converts excess acetyl COA into ketones
(acetone, acetoacetate, etc.). These ketones are
acidic and as they accumulate, they cause
ketoacidosis.
Amino Acid Catabolism
If more amino acids accumulate than can be used
in the synthesis of new proteins, then they can be
catabolized or broken down by a process called
deamination. Deamination removes amino
groups from the amino acid to yield a fragment
that can be used in the Krebs Cycle.
Objective 6
Discuss the role of LDL, HDL and saturated fats

in cholesterol metabolism.
Role of LDL in Cholesterol
Metabolism
LDL stands for low density proteins made in the
liver. These metabolic units contain small
portions of phospholipids an triglycerides and
large quantities of cholesterol. The LDL is
designed to transport its stored material from
the liver to cells and tissues. Cholesterol from
LDL’s can be transported to blood vessels and
stored as part of plaque deposits
Role of HDL in Cholesterol
Metabolism
HDL stands for high density lipoprotein which is
made in tissues during increased activity. This
metabolic unit transports phospholipid,
triglyceride and cholesterol from tissues,
including blood vessels, back to the liver.
The cholesterol that is transported back to the
liver is converted into Bile which is excreted and
stored in the gall bladder. This is a good way to
eliminate cholesterol from the body.
Role of Saturated Fats in
Cholesterol Metabolism
Saturated fats are triglycerides that contain fatty
acids that have a full compliment of hydrogen.
This type of fat stimulates the liver to make
cholesterol for storage in body tissues and to
inhibit the release of cholesterol from the body.
In terms of good nutrition it is recommended that
unsaturated fats be substituted for saturated fats
a high percentage of the time in the diet.
Summary of Lipoproteins
Observe the following slide for the lipid

composition of lipoproteins.
Comparison of LDL, HDL,
Triglycerides and Cholesterol
Objective 7
Define the following as they relate to

metabolism: oxidation, reduction,
decarboxylation, dehydrogenation,
oxidative phosphorylation, celllar
respiration, glycolysis, pyruvic acid,
coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, electron
transport system (ETS), glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis,
Unit 8 - Objective 6 gluconeogenesis
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is a group of catabolic

reactions in the cell that breaks down food fuels
such as glucose. These reactions can be grouped
into metabolic processes called glycolysis, the
Krebs cycle and the electron transport system. The
main purpose of cellular respiration is to provide a
constant supply of ATP for various cell activities.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (= splitting sugar) is an anaerobic

process that occurs in the cell cytoplasm. This
process breaks down glucose into two pyruvic
acids. During this conversion, ATP and reduced
NAD is formed.
Pyruvic Acid
Pyruvic acid is the end product of glucose

breakdown that occurs in the process of
Glycolysis.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A, which is made using the vitamin

pantothenic acid, is an important cofactor that is
used to transport acetyl groups into the Krebs
Cycle.
Krebs Cycle
The krebs cycle is a part of cellular respiration

that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
This process regenerates oxaloacetate during
each cycle which is used to pick up acetyl groups
to form citric acid. As acetyl groups are broken
down during this cycle, ATP and reduced NAD
and FAD are synthesized. Since the
mitochondrion uses oxygen this process is
considered aerobic.
Electron Transport System
The electron transport system (ETS) occurs in the

cristae of the mitochondrion and is aerobic. This
part of cellular respiration uses the reduced NAD
and FAD from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
and oxygen to generate large quantities of ATP
and water.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that
occurs in the electron transport system (ETS) and
involves the addition of phosphate to ADP to
make ATP. ATP production occurs in the ETS
when electrons are removed from the hydrogen
being transported by reduced NAD and FAD.
The electrons from the hydrogen are ultimately
passed on to Oxygen. Oxygen is the final
electron acceptor in the body!
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is an anabolic process that occurs

mainly in the liver and muscle when there is
excess glucose. This process combines hundreds
of glucose molecules to form glycogen.
Glycogen
is then stored in the cell as a “starch-like”
compound .
Glycogenlolysis
Glycogenolysis is a catabolic process that occurs

mainly in the liver an muscle. This process is
essentially a reversal of glycogenesis (see
previous slide). During glycogenolysis, stored
glycogen is broken down to release glucose for
use in the body.
Comparison of Glycogenesis and
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is a process that produces new
glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. The
metabolic pathways can convert materials such
as oxaloacetate (from the Krebs cycle), lactic
acid, amino acid fragments and fat derivatives
into glucose. Even though gluconeogenesis is
anabolic, other factors in the body are
“sacrificed” to make the new glucose. This can
ultimately cause deterioration.
Objective 8
Define the term nutrient and list six major classes

of nutrients.
Definition of Nutrient
A nutrient is defined as a substance in food

that is used by the body to promote growth,
repair and maintenance.
Major Classes of Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water
Objective 9
Define the term mineral and give the proper symbol and
function of the following: calcium, phosphorous, iron,
iodine, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc.
Definition of Mineral
A mineral is an inorganic substance made from a

metal and a nonmineral. For exmple, The metal
sodium forms a sodium ion in water that can
react with a chloride ion that forms from chlorine
gas that can dissolve in water. This results in
sodium chloride which is an inorganic salt and
one of the more abundant minerals in the earth.
Calcium
Calcium ( Ca+2) is a cation that has multiple
uses in the body. Included in the list of uses
are:
1. Assists blood clotting
2. Assists hardening of teeth and bones
3. Assists nerve cell function
4. Helps to initiate muscle contraction
Phosphorous
Phosphorous is used mainly in the form of
phosphate ( PO4-3). This anion can be used
to:
1. Combine with ADP to form ATP
2. Combine with calcium to form
a crystalline bone salt called
calcium phosphate.
3. Form buffers for acid-base control
Iron
Iron ( Fe+2) is a cation that has several uses
in the body. Included in the list are:
1. Used as a cofactor in enzyme
activity
2. Used to make cytochromes found in
the ETS
3. Used to form hemoglobin
Iodine
Iodine ( I-1) is an anion that is used mainly
to form thyroid hormones.
Sodium
Sodium (Na+1) is a cation that is used to:
1. Create a positive condition outside
the cell.
2. Assist depolarization of nerve and
muscle cells
3. Osmotically control water in the
extracellular fluid (ECF)
Potassium
Potassium (K+1) is a cation that is used to:
1. Assist repolarization in nerve and
muscle cells
2. Assist osmotic control of water in the
intracellular fluid (ICF)
3. Contribute to synthesis reactions
Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg+2) is a cation that is used
to:
1. Assist enzymes that are involved in
in the formation of ATP
2. Maintain sensitivity in nerve cells
Zinc
Zinc (Zn+2) is a cation that is used to:
1. Assist enzymes such as carbonic
anhydrase
2. Contribute to structure of certain
proteins e.g. tumor suppressor protein
3. Required for normal growth, wound
healing, taste, smell, sperm
production, prostate activity, etc.
Objective 10
Define what is meant by the term vitamin
and give or recognize the function (s) of the
following vitamins. Indicate whether each
vitamin is water or fat soluble and discuss
how this characteristic influences vitamin
retention: Vitamins A, D, E, K, C, Niacin,
Riboflavin, Thiamine and Pantothenic Acid.
Definition of Vitamin
A vitamin is a specialized organic
compound that is used to assist enzymes in
various metabolic reactions. For example
the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase
removes hydrogen from succinic acid in the
Krebs cycle and then transfers this
hydrogen to FAD which is made from
riboflavin. The hydrogen transfer to FAD is
called reduction. Reduced FAD then
transports hydrogen to the ETS.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin that can take the form
of retinol or retinal. This vitamin can be stored in fats
and oils, and, if there is excessive storage, toxicity can
result. The functions for Vitamin A include:
1. Serves as an antixoidant
2. Assists the formation of light sensitive pigments
in rod and cone cells of the retina.
3. Assists growth of teeth, bones and reproductive
cells.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that is made in the
skin due to exposure to sunlight, This vitamin can be
stored in fats and oils, and, if there is excessive storage,
toxicity can result. The functions for Vitamin D include:
1. Stimulates calcium absorption in the body
2. Assists bone formation, blood clotting and nerve
function.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin that is found in
vegetables. This vitamin can be stored in fats and oils,
toxicity seldom results. The functions for Vitamin E
include:
1. Antioxidant
2. Helps protect cell membranes
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin that is found in
vegetables, liver and can be made by bacteria in the
large intestine. This vitamin is not stored in large
amounts in the body. The functions for Vitamin K
include:
1. Formation of blood clotting proteins
2. Used as an part of the electron transport system
and assists ATP formation
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin that is found in
fruits and vegetables. This vitamin cannot be stored in
the body and must be consumed on a constant basis. The
functions for Vitamin C include:
1. Antioxidant
2. Assists connective tissue formation
3. Assists formation of serotonin, bile and active
folacin
4. Assists iron absorption
Niacin
Niacin is a water soluble vitamin that is found in green,
leafy vegetables meats and nuts. This vitamin cannot be
stored in the body and must be consumed on a constant
basis. The functions for Niacin include:
1. Assists formation of NAD for use in cellular
respiration
2. Inhibits cholesterol formation
3. Dilates peripheral blood vessels and causes
flushing
Riboflavin
Riboflavin is a water soluble vitamin that is found in
legumes, eggs, milk, yeast, meats and nuts. This vitamin
cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed on a
constant basis. The functions for Riboflavin include:
1. Assists formation of FAD for use in cellular
respiration
Thiamine
Thiamine is a water soluble vitamin that is found in
legumes, eggs,, yeast, meats and green leafy vegetables.
This vitamin cannot be stored in the body and must be
consumed on a constant basis. The functions for
thiamine include:
1. Assists transformation of pyruvic acid to
acetyl COA
2. Assists formation of pentose sugars such as
ribose and deoxyribose. Remember these!
3. Assists the formation of acetylcholine
4. Assists the oxidation of alcohol
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic Acid is a water soluble vitamin that is
found in legumes, eggs,, yeast, meats and grains. This
vitamin cannot be stored in the body and must be
consumed on a constant basis. The functions for
pantothenic acid include:
1. Used in the formation of coenzyme A
2. Involved in the synthesis of steriods and the heme
unit of hemoglobin
Objective 11
Give the source and functions of the
following hormones and indicate the cause
and symptoms of the hormonal disorders
listed below: insulin, thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH), thyroxine, growth
hormone (GH), diabetes mellitus,
hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, cretinism,
giantism, acromegaly, dwarfism
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta
cells of the pancreas. This hormone helps
transfer glucose from the blood into the
body cells and tissues. This hormone also
helps tissues convert glucose into fat an
glycogen.
Hypoglycemia
If an excess of insulin is produced, it can
cause too much glucose to move out of the
blood and into the cells and tissues of the
body. This can result in a low blood sugar
condition called hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
If too little insulin is produced, blood
glucose accumulates and does not go into
cells and tissues. This results in a high
blood glucose condition called
hyperglycemia.
Diabetes Mellitus
If the beta cells of the pancreas become
diseased and stop producing insulin at an
early age, this results in a pathological
condition called diabetes mellitis. This
disease is sometimes called Type I ,or
juvenile, diabetes because it results in
chronic hyperglycemia that must be
controlled for the life of the individual.
Type II diabetes mellitus is due to age and
poor response
to insulin.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is
produced and released from the anterior
pituitary. As the name suggests, this
hormone stimulates the thyroid to release
thyroxine; either in the form T4 or T3.
Thyroxine
Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the
follicles of the thyroid gland and is used to
increase cell metabolism. This function
helps to maintain proper growth, repair and
body temperature. Excess thyroxine leads to
hyperthyroidism and very high metabolism.
Below normal thyroxine production leads to
hypothyroidism and very low metabolism.
Cretinism
Cretinism is a disease of very young
children and occurs when below normal
amounts of thyroxine are produced. This
results in very low metabolism, growth and
development. “Cretins” become severely
stunted and retarded.
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone (GH) is produced and
released from the anterior pituitary. This
hormone increases fat utilization, protein
production and body organ development.
The long bones of the body are especially
stimulated to grow in length.
Giantism
Giantism is a disease caused by excess
secretion of growth hormone (GH). This
disease occurs in young, fast growing
children and results in excessive height for
the person’s age and genetic background.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disease also caused by
excess secretion of growth hormone (GH).
This disease occurs in adults and results in
overdeveloped body parts such as hands,
feet, forehead, jaw and internal organs.
Dwarfism
Dwarfism is a disease caused by below
normal secretion of growth hormone (GH).
This disease occurs in young children and
results slow growth and very short height.
Objective 12
Recognize and/or list five products
produced by lipid and protein anabolism
Lipid Anabolism
Lipid anabolism is a constructive metabolic
process that produces new lipids from such
materials as glycerol, fatty acids,
phosphates, etc. Products of lipid anabolism
include:
1. Fats (triglycerides)
2. Oils
3. Waxes
4. Phospholipids 5. Steriods
Protein Anabolism
Protein anabolism is a constructive
metabolic process that produces new
proteins from amino acids. Products of
protein anabolism include:
1. New enzymes
2. New antibodies
3. New muscle proteins; actin, myosin, etc.
4. New Collagen for the skin
5. Unit
New keratin for the hair and fingernails
8 - Objective 12

Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Biology 1414 Unit 8 Metabolism and Nutrition

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Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Biology 1414 Unit 8 Metabolism and Nutrition

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Human Anatomy and Physiology

Define metabolism and differentiate

Metabolism is defined as the sum total of

Catabolism is that part of metabolism that

Indicate the location of , diagram and describe

Glucose Catabolism is one of the primary

AcetylCOA which results from the conversion of pyruvic acid

1. Six CO2 molecules

Write the general balanced equation that shows

Diagram and describe how lipids and proteins are

Proteins are broken down to amino acids. Amino

Describe what is meant by the following: beta

Discuss the role of LDL, HDL and saturated fats

Observe the following slide for the lipid

Define the following as they relate to

Cellular respiration is a group of catabolic

Glycolysis (= splitting sugar) is an anaerobic

Pyruvic acid is the end product of glucose

Coenzyme A, which is made using the vitamin

The krebs cycle is a part of cellular respiration

The electron transport system (ETS) occurs in the

Glycogenesis is an anabolic process that occurs

Glycogenolysis is a catabolic process that occurs

Define the term nutrient and list six major classes

A nutrient is defined as a substance in food

A mineral is an inorganic substance made from a

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