TRANSFORMATION

OF FUNCTIONS
By Binita Bhatia
Learning objectives

■ Learn the meaning of transformations

■ Identify and Graph functions using vertical or horizontal shifts
■ Identify and Graph functions using reflections about the x -axis and
the y -axis.
■ Identify and Graph functions using compressions and stretches.
Transformation

■ When certain operations are performed on a given function f, then a

new function is formed and the graph of this new function is called a
transformation of the graph of f.
 
Relation between two function f(x) –
Vertical Translation
y=f(x) and y=f(x)±b

y= and y=±2
x y= y=+2 y=-2

-2 4 6 2
-1 1 3 -1
0 0 2 -2
y=
 
1 1 3 -1 y=+2
2 4 6 2 y=-2

  Therefore, the graph of y=+2 shifted two units up.

And, the graph of y=-2 shifted two units down.
 
Horizontal Translation
y= and y=

y= and y=
x y= y= y=

-3 9 25 1
-2 4 16 0
-1 1 9 1
0 0 4 4
1 1 1 9 y=
 
2 4 0 16 y=
y=
3
3 9
9 1
1 25
25
  Therefore, the graph of y=shifted two units to the right.
And, the graph of y= shifted two units to the left.
 x -2 -1 0 1 2

  f(x)=
y= Error Error 0 1

Vertical Reflections - Error

Error Error
Error
1
1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
Error
Error
-
Error
Error
y= f(-x)
y= √  𝑥
√  − 𝑥
Horizontal Reflections
y= -f(x)
y=-
−
  √𝑥

■ y= -f(x) represents a reflection of f(x) about the x–axis.

■ y= f(-x) represents a reflection of f(x)about the y-axis
Dilations
and

■ If we multiply a function by a non-zero real number it has the effect of

either stretching or compressing the function because it causes the
function value (the y value) to be multiplied by that number.

Let's try some functions multiplied by non-zero real numbers

to see this.
Stretch and Compressed vertically by a factor of p
y = pf(x)
y=3f(x) = 3sin(x)

x y=sinx y=3sin(x) y=sin(x)

0 0 0 0
1 3


 0
0 0
0 0
0
-1
-1 -3
-3
2 0 0 0  y=
2 0 0 0 y=
y=
■ If p >1 the function gets "taller“(stretched) if p <1 the function gets "shorter.“ (compressed)
 Stretch and Compressed
horizontally by a factor of q x y=sinx y=sin(3x) y=sin(x)
y = f(qx) 0 0 0 0

y=f() = f(3x) =sin(3x) 0.5 1 0.174

=0.866 0 0.34

1 -1 0.5

=0.866 0 0.643

0.5 1 0.766
y  =sin(x)
y=sin(3x)
y=sin(x)  = 3.14 0 0 =0.866

■ When q >1 the function will get "longer" (stretched) and when q < 1 the function will "squish“ (compressed)
Transformations of function f(x)
Type of Transformation Equation
Vertical Translation y=f(x)+b
Horizontal Translation y=f(x−a)
Vertical Reflection y=f(-x)
Horizontal Reflection y=-f(x)
Result
Moves the function b units, |b| units
up (b>0) or down (b<0)
Moves the function a units, |a| units
left (a>0) or right (a<0)
Reflects the function over the y-axis
Reflects the function over the x-axis

Vertical Stretch y=pf(x) (p>0), multiply vertical scale by p

Horizontal Stretch y=f(x/q) (q>0), divide horizontal scale by q

(0<|p|<1), multiply vertical scale by
Vertical Compression y=pf(x) p

(0<|q|<1), divide horizontal scale

Horizontal Compression y=f(x/q)
by q
Exercise

■  Graph of y= , what is the graph of y=

Horizontal translation

■  Graph of y= , what is the graph of y=

■ Graph of y=g(x), what is the graph of y=g(x)-6
Vertical Translation

■ Graph of y=g(x), what is the graph of y=g(x)-6

■ Graph of y=f(x), what is the graph of y=f(-x)
Vertical Reflection

■ Graph of y=f(x), what is the graph of y=f(-x)

The point (-12, 4) is on the graph of y =
f(x). Find a point on the graph of y = g(x).

■g(x) = f(x-2)

■g(x)= 4f(x)

■g(x) = f(½x)

■g(x) = -f(x)
The point (-12, 4) is on the graph of y =
f(x). Find a point on the graph of y = g(x).

■g(x) = f(x-2) ■(-10, 4)

■g(x)= 4f(x) ■(-12, 16)

■g(x) = f(½x) ■(-24, 4)

■g(x) = -f(x) ■(-12, -4)

What did we learn…

■ How to identify transformations that have:

1. Horizontal and Vertical Translations
2. Reflections about the x-axis and y-axis
3. Stretching or Compressing of functions
Thank
you.