CULTURAL ROOTS &

CREOLE PIONEERS
 MARXIST & MARXISM
▪ Struggles between social classes that leads to revolutionary
movements, working class would overthrow the capitalist class and
control the economy
▪ Relationship between classes were exploitative and creates class
conflicts
▪ Every society is made of
– Bourgeoisie/capitalist- business owners, owns and controls means of
production thus giving them power to over the proletariat, limit the workers.

– Proletariat/workers- their labor transforms raw materials into valuable

economic goods. Have little power because their labor is the only commodity
they have. They can be replaceable in periods of unemployment
 EXPLOITATION

▪ Maximize profit – least cost, highest income

▪ They employ the social institution (government) as tool against the
proletariat
▪ The government protects the will of the bourgeoisie
▪ Media and academics propaganda and suppress awareness and rationalize
the capitalist system
▪ Class conflicts will lead to economic and social revolution. The exploitation
will drive the working class to act against the bourgeoisie and it will be lead
by an enlightened leader who understands the society’s class structure.
▪ “ the most perfunctory attempts to
justify the bloodshed in terms of
recognizable Marxist theoretical
perspective
 Successful Revolution

▪ Defined itself in national terms

– Peoples Republic of China
– Socialist Republic of Vietnam
▪ Territorial, social space
▪ However ,many old nations were challenged by sub-nation-
end of nationalism?
▪ Nation, Nationality, nationalism- difficult to define, analyze
 Definition of nation as proposed

▪ It is an imagined political community and imagined as

both inherently limited and sovereign
▪ Imagined LIMITED
▪ Imagined SOVEREIGN
▪ Imagined COMMUNITY- rather die than kill- cultural
roots of NATIONALISM
CREOLE PIONEERS
▪ CRIOLOS (Creoles)- Spaniards born in the Philippines or
Latin America
▪ New American States of 19th century- thoughts on rise
of NATIONALISM
▪ Brazil, USA, other colonies of Spain- creole states, they
were treated differently from imperial metropoles not
because of language difference. In fact, these countries
were led by someone whose descent and origin are the
same as the colonizers
▪ Nationalism is associated with political baptism of the lower class
▪ Leading to restless middle class trying to sit for power
▪ Fear of lower class mobilization
WHY CREOLE PIONEERS?
▪ Pioneer in developing NATION-ness (NATIONALISM)- even before
Europe
▪ Colonial provinces with large oppressed non-spanish-speaking
populations produced creoles who treated the population fellow
nationals.
▪ Reasons:
1. Tightening of Madrid’s control
2. Spread of ideas of enlightenment
Acts of oppression
▪ Madrid imposed new taxes
▪ Made collection more efficient
▪ Enforced monopolies
▪ Restricted trade
▪ Centralized hierarchies
▪ Heavy immigration of Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)
▪ Revenue quintupled (14M) minus administrative expenses (3M)
▪ BERNARDO CARPIO= JOSE RIZAL= JESUS CHRIST