IMAGINING THE FILIPINO NATION

TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

THEORETICAL CONCEPTS
Literacies- "Socially recognized ways in which people generate, communicate, and negotiate
meanings as members of Discourses, through the medium of encoded texts."
Practices-“Physical, mental, and social activities guided by various social structures”
Discourses-"Ways of behaving, interacting, valuing, thinking, believing, speaking, and often
reading and writing, that are accepted as instantiations of particular identities….”

GLOBAL CONTEXT (The Age of Revolution)

FRENCH REVOLUTION -Political Transformation
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- Economic Transformation

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES (Economic and Political Changes)

INTRODUCTION OF LIBERAL REFORMS - Trade, Cash Crops, and Dual-Economy
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MONOPOLIES - Wine-Making, Gambling and Tobacco

Manila Port, 19th Century

Escolta , Manila, 19th Century
Binondo , Manila, 19th Century

J. Fast and J. Richardson, Roots of Dependency (1979).

“The revolutionary changes in the country’s economic structure that occurred in the 19th
century… were the critical formative influence in the prelude to nationhood.”
Benito J.Legarda, Jr., After the Galleons (1999).
“The 19th century was a fateful one for the Philippine economy… [when] the nature of its foreign
trade changed from being largely a transshipping operation to a commerce that involved the
exchange of the country’ products for goods that filled the domestic needs of the people.”
19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES (Technological Changes)
NEW ENERGY SOURCE - Coal
NEW MACHINERIES OF PRODUCTION- Sugar mills and Distilleries
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS- Print, Street lighting and Railroad System

SUEZ CANAL SHORTENS ROUTE TO EUROPE

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES (Educational Changes)

EDUCATIONAL REFORMS- Secular Public Schools
HIGHER EDUCATION- Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Art
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS - Print, Street lighting and Railroad System Educational Changes

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES (Social and Cultural Impacts )

THE RISE OF MIDDLE CLASS - Mestizo and Indio Bourgeoisie
MIDDLE CLASS MEN- First Generation of Filipino Nationalists
SECULAR PUBLIC SPHERE- Introduction of Freemasonry, Comedya and Moro-moro

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES FILIPINO STUDENTS IN SPAIN (1880) WITH RIZAL

PIONEER REFORMISTS
A call for reformation based on Creoles’ issues on Peninsulares' authority

THE FILIPINO TERM

THE CREOLES

• Spaniards born in Filipinas or collectively called as Insulares/Filipinos

• “Traditionally, the Creoles had enjoyed various government and church positions—
composing mainly the majority of the government bureaucracy itself.”
WHO IS THE FIRST FILIPINO?
LUIS RODRIGUEZ VARELA
El Conde Filipino
Writings introduced ideas from the Enlightenment and the French Revolution

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
CREOLE PRIESTS AGAINST SPANISH FRIARS
FR. Pedro Pelaez - Pioneer of Secularization Campaign
FR. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora- January 20, 1872: Cavite Mutiny
-February 1, 1872: Martyrdom of
GomBurza

COMITE DE REFORMADORES, 1869

FR. Mariano Gomez
• 70 Years Old
• Indio from Manila
• Advocated Secularization
FR. Jose Burgos
• 32 Years Old
• Mestizo born in Vigan
• Advocated Secularization
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
• 40 Years Old
• Lawyer
• Insular born in San Roque Cavite
FR. Mariano Sevilla
• Indio born in Manila
• Advocated Secularization
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
• 40 Years Old
• Lawyer
• Born in Biñan

JUVENTUD ESCOLAR LIBERAL

Felipe Buencamino
• 21 Years Old
• Law Student
• Chinese Mestizo born in San Miguel, Bulacan
Paciano Rizal
• 18 Years Old
• Law Student
• Chinese Mestizo born in Calamba, Laguna
Numeriano Adriano
• 23 Year Old
• Law Student
• Born in Manila

THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM (1880S-1890S)

Influenced by Enlightenment and liberal ideas in Europe

ILUSTRADOS (THE ENLIGTHENED)

• Part of the new racially mixed middles class who are university educated and youthful
• Elitist and all male who regarded themselves as embodiment of modernity
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
• Cosmopolitan movement for that lobbied with Spanish government for political reforms.
• Jose Rizal; Graciano Lopez Jaena; Marcelo H. Del Pilar...

AIMS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

• Called for reforms of colonial government
• Demanded an end to discrimination
• Economic Reforms
• Liberalization of Education

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
Marcelo H. del Pilar
(Plaridel)
ANG TANDA NG CARA-I-CRUZ (PARODY OF “SIGN OF THE CROSS“)
ANG TANDA NANG CARA-I-CRUZ ANG IPANGADYA MO SA AMIN PANGINOON NAMING
FRAILE Sa MANGA BANGKAY NAMING, SA NGALAN NANG SALAPI AT NANG MAPUTING
BINTE, AT NANG ESPIRITUNG BUGAW. SIYA NAUA.

AMAIN NAMIN (PARODY OF “OUR FATHER“)

AMAIN NAMING SUMASACONVENTO KA, SUMPAIN ANG NGALAN MO, MALAYO SA AMIN
ANG KASAKIMAN MO, QUITLIN ANG LIIG MO DITTO SA LUPA PARA NANG SA LANGIT.
SAULAN MO CAMI NGAYON NANG AMING KANING IYON INARAOARAO AT PATAUANIN
MO KAMI SA IYONG PAGUNGAL PARA NANG PAG PAPATAUA MO KUNG KAMI
NACUCUALTAHAN; AT HUAG MO KAMING IPAHINTULOT SA IYONG MANUNUKSO AT
IADYA MO KAMI SA MASAMA MONG DILA.

ABA GUINOONG BARYA (PARODY OF “HAIL MARY“)

ABA GUINOONG BARIA NAKAPUPUNO KA NANG ALCANCIA ANG FRAILE’I SUMASAINYO
BUKOD KA NIYANG PINAGPALA’T PINA HIGUIT SA LAHAT, PINAGPALA NAMAN ANG
KABAN MONG MAPASOK. SANTA BARIA INA NAND DERETSOS, IPANALANGIN MO
KAMING HUAG ANITAN NGAYON AT CAMI IPAPATAY. SIYA NAUA

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
POLITICAL DIFFERENCE OF RIZAL AND DEL PILAR
Its Demise
AWAKENED NATIONAL CONSCIOUNESS
Unintended Consequence

JOSE RIZAL'S CONTRIBUTIONS

• Rizal's speech dedicated to Luna and Hidalgo (1884)
• Publication of Noli Me Tangere (1887)
• Publication of Rizals annotation of de Morga's Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas (1889)

SPOLARIUM OF JUAN LUNA (1884)

“In history of nations there are names that by themselves signify an achievement, that recall
passion and greatness, names that, like magic formula, evoke pleasant and smiling thoughts,
names that became a pact, a symbol of peace, a bond of love between nations . The name Luna
and Hidalgo belongs to these...Luna and Hidalgo are Spanish as well as Philippine glories . They
were born in the Philippines but they could have been born in Spain, because genius knows no
country, genius sprouts everywhere, genius is like light, air, the patrimony of everybody,
cosmopolitan like space, like life, like God.”
- RIZAL’S SPEECH TO THE FILIPINO COMMUNITY June 25, 1884

LA LIGA FILIPINA
FOUNDED ON JULY 3, 1892 at the home Doroteo Ongjunco on Ylaya St. Tondo Manila.
OBJECTIVES OF LA LIGA FILIPINA
• To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogenous organization;
• Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
• Defense against all violence and injustice
• Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
• Study the application of reforms.

BIPATRIATE VIEW
DILIM - LIWANAG

TRIAPATRIATE VIEW
LIWANAG - DILIM – LIWANAG

NATION IS IMAGINED AS LIMITED

because even the largest of them... has a finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other
nations.

NATION IS IMAGINED AS SOVEREIGN

The concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the
legitimacy of the divine-ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm

NATION IS AN IMAGINED COMMUNITY

a nation is an imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most
of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image
of their communion".
“Education, thus limited, divided the people into two separate castes, as distinct as the ancient
Roman citizen and the plebeian. Residing chiefly in the ports open to foreign trade, the
Intellectuals acquired wealth, possessed rich estates and fine houses artistically adorned.
Blessed with all the comforts which money could procure and the refinement resulting from
education, they freely associated and intermarried with the Spaniards, whose easy grace and
dignified manners they gradually acquired and retain, to a great extent, to the present day. The
other caste—the Illiterates—were dependents of the Intellectuals . Without mental training, with
few wants, and little expenses, they were as contented, in their sphere, as the upper class were
in theirs . Like their masters, they had their hopes, but they never knew what misery was, as one
understands it in Europe, and in this felicitous, ambitionless condition, they never urgently
demanded education, even for their children. The movement came from higher quarters, and
during the OʼDonnell ministry a Royal Decree was sent from Madrid establishing schools
throughout the provinces.”
- JOHN FOREMAN (2007) THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PROJECT GUTENBERG, P. 354

19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

Rise of Philippine National Identity
1. Introduction to Liberal Reforms
2. Shift from subsistence to agricultural export economy
3. Rise of middle class/Ilustrados
4. Growth of Nationalism

PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
An upsurge of patriotic and nationalistic ideas in the Philippines of the 19th century that came
consequently as a result of more than two centuries of Spanish rule.’’

THE KATIPUNAN AND PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

Towards the Philippine Republic

THE KATIPUNAN
KATAASTAASANG KAGALANGGALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
(HIGHEST AND MOST RESPECTED ASSOCIATION OF THE SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF
THE COUNTRY )
• Founded in July, 1892 in Manila
• Founding Members: Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz

GOALS OF KATIPUNAN

GOALS:

• POLITICAL
• SOCIAL
• MORAL

ANDRES BONIFACIO
THE GATEKEEPER OF THE MASSES
THE GREAT PLEBIAN
• From a Lower-middle class family
• Finished Second Year High School
• A Blue-collar worker (salesman and warehouseman) for various foreign trading firms.
• Thespian

STRUCTURE OF KATIPUNAN
Organized as a secret society patterned after Masonic lodges:
• Secret cells,
• Blood compacts,
• Masonic symbols
• Inspired by egalitarian and nationalist ideals
ANG DAPAT MABATID NG TAGALOG
ANDRES BONIFACIO, MARCH 1896
“Ytong Katagalugan na pinamamahalaan ng unang panahon ng ating tunay na mga kababayan
niyaong hindi pa tumutungtong sa mga lupaing ito ang mga kastila ay nabubuhay sa lubos na
kasaganaan, at kaguinhawahan... Dumating ang mga kastila at dumulog na nakipagkaibigan. Sa
mabuti nilang hikayat na di umano, tayo'y aakain sa lalung kagalingan at lalung imumulat ang
ating kaisipan, ang nasabing nagsisipamahala ay ng yaring nalamuyot sa tamis ng kanilang dila
sa paghibo. Gayon man sila'y ipinailalim sa talagang kaugalian ng mga tagalog na sinaksihan at
pinapagtibay ang kanilang pinagkayarian sa pamamaguitan ng isang panunumpa na kumuha ng
kaunting dugo sa kanikanilang mga ugat, at yao'y inihalu't ininom nila kapua tanda ng tunay at
lubos na pagtatapat na di mag tataksil sa pinagkayarian. Ytoy siang tinatawag na "Pacto de
Sangre" ng haring Sikatuna at ni Legaspi na pinaka katawan ng hari sa Espanya...
“In the early days, when the Spaniards had not yet set foot on our soil, this Katagalugan was
governed by our compatriots, and enjoyed a life of great abundance, prosperity and peace...Then
the Spaniards came and offered us friendship. It seemed they would help us better ourselves and
awaken our intellects, and our leaders were seduced by the sweetness of their enticing words.
The Spaniards, however, were required to follow the custom of the Tagalogs, and to bind their
agreement by means of an oath, which consisted of taking blood from each other's veins, and
then mixing and drinking it as a token of their sincere and wholehearted pledge not to betray the
agreement. This was called the "Blood Compact" of King Sikatuna and Legazpi, the
representative of the King of Spain…

…Buhat ng ito'y mangyari ay bumibilang na ngayon sa tatlong daang taon mahiguit na ang lahi
ni Legaspi ay ating binubuhay sa lubos na kasaganaan, ating pinagtatamasa at binubusog, kahit
abutin natin ang kasalatan at kadayukdukan; iguinugugol natin ang yaman dugo at sampu ng
buhay sa pagtatangol sa kanila; kinakahamok natin sampu ng tunay na mga kababayan na aayaw
pumayag na sa kanilay pasakop, at gayon din naman nakipagbaka tayo sa mga Ynsik at taga
Holanda na nagbalang umagaw sa kanila nitong Katagalugan...

…Since then, for more than three hundred years, we have supported the race of Legaspi most
bountifully; we have allowed them to live lavishly and grow fat, even if we ourselves suffered
deprivation and hunger. We have expended our wealth, blood and even our lives in defending
them, even against our fellow countrymen who refused to submit to their rule; and we have fought
the Chinese and the Dutch who tried to take Katagalugan from them…

..Panahun na ngayong dapat na lumitaw ang liwanag ng katotohanan; panahon ng dapat nating
ipakilala na tayo’y may sariling pagdaramdam, may puri, may hiya at pagdadamayan. Ngayon
panahun ng dapat simulan ang pagsisiwalat ng mga mahal at dakilang aral na magwawasak sa
masinsing tabing na bumubulag sa ating kaisipan; panahun na ngayong dapat makilala ng mga
tagalog ang pinagbuhatan ng kanilang mga kahirapan. Araw na itong dapat kilalanin na sa bawat
isang hakbang natin ay tumutuntong tayo at nabibingit sa malalim na hukay ng kamatayan na sa
ati’y inuumang ng mga kaaway.”

… Now is the time that the light of truth must shine; now is the time for us to make it known that
we have our own feelings, have honor, have self-respect and solidarity. Now is the time to start
spreading the noble and great teachings that will rend asunder the thick curtain that obfuscates
our minds; now is the time for the Tagalogs to know the sources of their misfortunes. This day we
must realize that every step we take is taking us closer to the brink of the abyss of death that our
enemies have dug to ensnare us.

PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA

Andres Bonifacio
“Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya sa pagka-dalisay at pagka-dakila gaya ng pag-ibig sa tinubuan
lupa? Alin pag-ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala... Bakit? Ano itong sakdal nang laki na hinahandugan
ng buong pag kasi na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari at ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi... Ay! Ito'y
ang Inang Bayang tinubuan, siya'y ini't tangi na kinamulatan ng kawili-wiling liwanag ng araw na
nagbibigay init sa lunong katawan.”

EMILIO JACINTO
THE BRAIN OF KATIPUNAN
• Wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan
• Wrote for Katipunan's newspaper Kalayaan

SA MAY NASANG MAKISANIB SA KATIPUNAN

EMILIO JACINTO
“Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nagiibig pumasuk sa katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng lubos
na pananalig at kaisipan sa mga layong tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat na
ipakilala sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas makalawa’y huag silang magsisi at tuparing
maluag sa kalooban ang kanilang mga tutungkulin. Ang kabagayang pinaguusig ng katipunang
ito ay lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog (*) sa
pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y magkalakas na iwasak
ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran
at Kaliwanagan... (*)
Sa salitang tagalog katutura’y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa makatuid, bisaya
man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, etc., ay tagalog din.
“In order that all who want to enter this Association may have a full understanding and knowledge
of its guiding principles and main teachings, it is necessary to make these things known to them
so that they will not, tomorrow or the next day, repent, and so that they may perform their duties
wholeheartedly. This Association pursues a most worthy and momentous object: to unite the
hearts and minds of all the Tagalogs (*) by means of an inviolable oath, in order that this union
may be strong enough to tear aside the thick veil that obscures thought, and to find the true path
of Reason and Enlightenment…
(*The word Tagalog means all those born in this Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan,
Ilocano, or Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a Tagalog too.)

…Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa
pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na
mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi;
yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.”

…A man’s worth is not measured by his being a king, nor by the height of his nose nor the fairness
of his skin, nor in being a priest representing God, nor in an exalted position on this earth; but
pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the jungle, possesses an upright character; who is
true to his world who as dignity and honour; who does not oppress; and does not help those who
oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his birth.”

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN EMILIO JACINTO

1.Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang
lilim, kundi damong makamandag.
2.Ang gawang magaling na nagbuhat sa paghahambog o pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi talagang
nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3.Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang-gawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang
bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang Katuwiran.
4.Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang
isa'y hihigtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda...; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5.Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna ang puri kaysa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili kaysa sa puri.

1.A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is like a tree without a shade, or a
poisonous weed.
2.A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a sincere
desire to do good.
3.True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for one’s fellow men, and in making true
Reason the measure of every move, deed and word.
4.Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can be superior to another in knowledge,
wealth and beauty... but not in being.
5. A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a person with an ignoble
character values self-interest above honor.

6.Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumba.

7.Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala'y mangyayaring magbalik; ngunit
panahong nagdaan ay di na muli pang magdadaan.
8.Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin ang umaapi.
9.Ang mga taong matalino'y ang may pag-iingat sa bawat sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang
dapat ipaglihim.
10.Sa daang matinik ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang patnugot ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang pagtutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din.

6.An honorable man’s word is his bond.

7.Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be recovered, but time lost is lost forever.
8.Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
9.An intelligent man is he who takes care in everything he says and keeps quiet about what must
be kept secret.
10.Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children follow. If the
leader goes the way of perdition, then so do those who are led.

11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at
karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang
kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa,
anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala
sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay
na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi;
yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
11.Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but as a helpmate and partner in the hardships
of this existence. Have due regard to her weakness, and remember the mother who brought you
into this world and nurtured you in your infancy.
12.What you would not want done to your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter
and sister of another.
13. A man’s worth does not come from him being a king, or in the height of his nose and the
whiteness of his face, or in him being a priest, a REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD, or in his exalted
position on the face of this earth. Pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the forest and
able to speak only his own tongue, behaves decently, is true to his word, has dignity and honor,
who is not an oppressor and does not abet oppressors, who knows how to cherish and look after
the land of his birth.

Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito
sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at
mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig
pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa
sa kasunod nito.

When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines on these poor
Islands, and sheds its sweet light upon a united race, a people in everlasting happiness, then the
lives lost, the struggle and the suffering will have been more than recompensed. If the applicant
understands all this, and believes he will be able to fulfil these duties, he should put his request
in writing,

MEMBERS OF KATIPUNAN
• At first, petit-bourgeois but later on came to include lower classes;
• Initially among Tagalogs, but spreads to other regions in Luzon as well
• All male but a woman’s auxiliary led by Bonifacio’s wife, Gregoria de Jesus (1875-1943)
Ano ang lagay ng Pilipinas bago dumating ang mga Espanyol? LIWANAG
Ano ang lagay ng Pilipinas pagdating ng mga Espanyol? DILIM
Ano ang lagay ng Pilipinas kapag nagtagumpay ang Himagsikan? LIWANAG

THE DOWNFALL OF KATIPUNAN

• July 1892: founding of the Katipunan
• August 1896: discovery of Katipunan by Spaniards
• Spaniards respond with reign of terror: mass arrests, tortures, executions,

THE START OF REVOLUTION

CRY OF PUGADLAWIN,
AUGUST 23, 1896

EMILIO AGUINALDO
THE REVOLUTION IN CAVITE
• Chinese-mestizo from provincial elite
• Studied briefly in Manila but did not travel to Europe,
• Differed in educational and class background from ilustrados

FACTIONALISM IN THE REVOLUTION

• Magdiwang Allied with Bonifacio
• Magdalo Allied with Aguinaldo

TEJEROS CONVENTION, MARCH 22, 1897

THE VERDICT, RODY HERRERA

TREATY OF BIAK-NA-BATO
DECEMBER, 1897: AGUINALDO FORCE TO NEGOTIATE WITH SPANIARDS
Terms:
• For 800,000 Pesos, Aguinaldo agrees to call on troops to lay down arms;
• And go into exile with some of his trusted followers in Hong Kong

MALABAR MANIFESTO
JULY 1897

• Expulsion of the friars and restitution of townships of then land the friars have appropriated
• Parliamentary representation, freed of the press, and toleration of all religious sects
• Equality in treatment and pay between peninsular and civil servants
• Abolition of the government’s power to banish citizens and of all unjust measures against
Filipinos

ROAD TO "INDEPENDENCE"
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
April 25, 1898 - US declares war against Spain
May 1, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay lead by Commodore George Dewey
May 18, 1898- US brought back Aguinaldo from exile in Hong Kong
July 12, 1898- Declaration of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite
September 1898- Malolos Congress

DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA, WAR COUNSELLOR AND SPECIAL DELEGATE
DESIGNATED TO PROCLAIM AND SOLEMNIZE THIS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
BY THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES, PURSUANT TO, AND BY
VIRTUE OF A DECREE ISSUED BY THE EGREGIOUS DICTATOR DON EMILIO AGUINALDO
Y FAMY
“Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the
ominous yoke of spanish domination, because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the civil guards
who cause deaths in connivance with and even under the express orders of their superior officers
who at times would order the shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they
attempted to escape in violation of known rules and regulations, which abuses were left
unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of illustrious filipinos, especially those decreed
by general blanco at the instigation of the archbishop and the friars interested in keeping them in
ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations were carried out through processes
more execrable than those of the inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial
without hearing,
Declaration of philippine independence and having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions
the supreme judge of the universe, and under the protection of our powerful and humanitarian
nation, the united states of america, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by
authority of the people of these philippine islands,
that they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have
allegiance to the crown of spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely
severed and annulled; and that, like other free and independent states, they enjoy the full power
to make war and peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce,
and do all other acts and things which and independent state has right to do.
And imbued with firm confidence in divine providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to
support this declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the dictatorship
established by don emilio aguinaldo whom we reverse as the supreme head of this nation, which
today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen
by god, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this unfortunate country as
foretold by dr. Don jose rizal in his magnificent verses which he composed in his prison cell prior
to his execution, liberating it from the yoke of spanish domination,declaration of philippine
independence
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this nation, already free and independent as of this
day, must used the same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are
found described in the attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of
the famous society of the "katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses
to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal islands of these archipelago -
luzon, mindanao, and panay where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the
gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of progress and civilization; the eight
rays, signifying the eight provinces - manila, cavite, bulacan, pampanga, nueva ecija, bataan,
laguna, and batangas - which declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was
initiated; and the colors of blue, red, and white, commemorating the flag of the united states of
america, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this great nation for its disinterested
protection which it lent us and continues lending us.”

THE FIRST REPUBLIC

January 23, 1899: First Congress

MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
• Sovereignty to the people
• Separation of church and state
• Republic form of government that is "popular, representative, alternative and responsible"
• 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial
• Bill of Rights gave civil liberties to people

A MIXED LEGACY - Was first Republic in Asia; on the other hand, continued colonial social
hierarchy

ELITE LEADERS - More interested in seeking recognition from outside rather than
legitimacy within among its own people

SPLIT GOALS- Split the goal of political independence from the goal of social equality
ACTED AS ANOTHER COLONIAL POWER- Elites began to collaborate with US
force

THE LOUD ELITES

"NEITHER REDUCIBLE TO COLONIAL OBJECT NOR IDENTIFIABLE WITH/AS NATIONAL
SUBJECT, THE 'ELITE' IS A FIGURE OF SUBVERSION AS WELL AS COOPTATION AND
COLLABORATION, AND FOR THIS REASON IS SINGLED OUT FOR BOTH PRAISE AND
OPPROBRIUM IN PHILIPPINE NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY."

POSSIBILITIES
• Revolution stirred broad desire for radical social change, not just political change
• Seen in popularity of revolution in colonized lowland areas
• Offered promise of emancipation (“Kalayaan”)
PROBLEMS
• Social Divisions
• Factional Divisions among leaders
NACION- Emilio Aguinaldo
Along with it (nation), the concept “Filipino” started to be imagined as applying to the mestizos
and indios
BAYAN-Andres Bonifacio
 US COLONIAL RULE:
A Rescue and Civilizing Mission?

PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR

BRIEF TIMELINE:

• August 19, 1898-Mock Battle in Manila

• December 10, 1898- Spain would cede the Philippines to the United States for 20 million
dollars.
• March 31, 1899-The capture of Malolos
• June 2, 1899-Malolos Congress declared War Against United States
• March 23, 1901-Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela

CROSSING THE LINE

On the night of 4 February 1899, a Filipino soldier was shot by an American soldier (Private
William Grayson) in Manila.

AMERICAN AGENDA
US refused to recognized the Filipino sovereignty.

PROCLAMATION OF WAR
The Malolos Congress only declared war on the United States on 2 June 1899, with Pedro
Paterno, President of Congress
1. That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be
treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war;
2. That the Americans captured be held as prisoners of war.;
3. That this proclamation be communicated to the consuls and that congress order and
accord a suspension of the constitutional guarantee, resulting from the declaration of war

DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES
FILIPINO SIDE- Continuation of anti-colonial revolution
AMERICAN SIDE- Declaration of independence was however, not recognized by both Spain and
the United States.
AMERICANS GAINING POWER
By the end of February 1899, the Americans had prevailed in the struggle for Manila, and the
Philippine Army was forced to retreat north

NATIONALIST RESISTANCE
The Filipino general Francisco Makabulos described the Filipinos' war aim as, “not to vanquish
the U.S. Army but to inflict on them constant losses.”

FILIPINO GUERILLA WARFARE

In 1900, Aguinaldo shifted from conventional to guerilla warfare, a means of operation which
better suited their disadvantaged situation.

COSTS OF WAR
On July 4, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt officially declared that the war is over. However, at least
250,000+ Filipinos died from fighting, starvation and disease.

BALANGINGA MASSACRE (SEPTEMBER 28, 1901)

“I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn. The more you kill and burn the better it will please
me. I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the
United States.”
-Gen. Jocobo Smith

HUNGER FOR BLOODLUST

“Americans burned the homes of natives on blind purpose. They also robbed from houses and
the dead, subjected Filipinos to acts of carrying heavy stones on their backs, and sported stripping
women on the spot and daily killings in the villages.

THE HANDS OF TORTURE

"To retrieve important information from the Filipinos, Americans dealt many forms of punishment
to them. This included hanging a man upside-down by a pulley suspended over a well, and he
was brought down into the well and submerged in deep water if he did not comply with orders.”
“Filipinos were also enslaved and made to do labor under the hot tropical sun, depriving them of
water if they were thirsty. If this did not do the trick, Filipinos were tied to posts and lashed severely
with thorny reeds. They were stricken in different parts of the body as well with the barrels and
butts of guns.”
VOICES OF DISSENT
The war was strongest when illustrados, principales, and peasants were unified in opposition to
annexation.

BATTLE OF BUD DAJO (MARCH 1906)

A large band of Moros fortified Bud Dajo and defied the authorities to subject them to any law.
The American garrison at Jolo was reinforced by the addition of two battalions of infantry and
preparations were made for a decisive assault on the Moros….
The battle began on March 5. Mountain guns were hauled into position and 40 rounds of shrapnel
were fired into the crater to warn the Moros to remove their women and children.”
-Vic Hurley (1936)

Detachment of the United States troops, assisted by US Marines, constabulary…, assaulted the
stronghold and exterminated the band. The position was firs shelled by a naval gunboat and then
assaulted by the combined government forces. Among those in the crater, were more or less
Moro women and children, who were unavoidably killed.
After the engagement the crate was a shambles. Moros were piled five deep in the trenches where
they had been mowed down by the artillery and rifle fire. The American attack had been supported
by two quick firing guns from the gunboat Pampanga and examination of the dead showed that
many of the Moros has as many as 50 wounds. Of the 1,000 Moros who opened the battle two
days previously, only six men survived the carnage.
-Vic Hurley

“By no stretch of the imagination could Bud Dajo be termed a ‘battle.’ Certainly the engaging of
1,000 Moros armed with krises, spears and a few rifles by a force of 800 Americans armed with
every modern weapon was not a matter for publicity. The American troops stormed a high
mountain peak crowned by fortifications to kill 1,000 Moros with a loss to themselves of 21 killed
and 73 wounded! The casualty reflects the unequal nature of the battle.
-Vic Hurley

BATTLE OF BUD BAGSAK (JUNE 11 - 15, 1913)

General Pershing in a letter to his wife he wrote: "the fight was brutal I’ve ever seen. They are
absolutely fearless, and once committed to combat they consider death as a mere incident.“
-Vic Hurley (1936)
“The mountain guns opened up for a two-hour barrage into the Moro fort, and at 9 o’clock in the
morning the troops moved up the ridge for the attack. The heavy American artillery shelled the
Moros out of the outer trenches supporting the cotta of Bagsak and the sharpshooters picked
them off as they retreated to the fortress. After an hour’s hard fighting, the advance reached the
top of the hill protected by the fire of the mountain guns, to a point within 70 yards of the cotta.
To cover that last 75 yards required seven hours of terrific fighting. The Moros assaulted the
American trenches time after time only to be mowed down by the entrenched attackers….
“About 500 Moros occupied the cottas at the beginning of the battle of Bagsak and with few
exceptions they fought to the death.”
-Vic Hurley

“Yes, even if I am English,” repeated my interlocutor after a silence, “I cannot help but admit my
sympathy for these courageous islanders who, until death, fight for the integrity of their land.” And
what an unequal struggle! Old guns against the modern, most perfect armaments. If one recalls,
before this war these people were the most peaceful in the world, industrious, hospitable, a friend
of whoever treated her kindly. Solely in her desire to escape from the greed of the friars and of
Spanish oppression, she was forced to become a soldier. Never can there be enough lament over
the destruction caused by a nation calling itself republican and claiming to be civilized.”
-Le Temps, 24 May 1899

Let us be immensely grateful that the people of North America revealed their ignoble character
early. If not for this, perhaps we would have fallen into harm. And so let us give thanks to God for
having let the war break out. Is that a country with honor? Is that one who will teach us goodness?
Is that one who will support us? Is that one who will adopt us? Better to become corpses than be
intruded upon by such innate evil! . . . May the evil ones be destroyed! May the Americans
disappear! May the United States be dissolved!”
-Esperanza Makapugay. Heraldo Filipino, 24 February 1899

PHASES OF US COLONIAL RULE

• 1902-1912 Post-war Period: The Pacification
• 1913-1912 Period of Consolidation
• 1935-1941 The Commonwealth Period

GLOBAL CONTEXT
ANXIETY OVER CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER- Freedom vs Danger
PERIOD OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTION- Search for overseas markets and raw materials
SEARCH FOR OVERSEAS NAVAL BASES-Key to Imperial Expansion
WARS OF 1898-From continental empire to overseas empire
ELEMENTS OF US COLONIAL RULE
LEGAL- Overseas colonies as "Unincorporated Territories" and where Filipino is defined as
"nationals"
IDEOLOGICAL- Benevolent assimilation and white man's burden
ADMINISTRATIVE- Semi-civilized Christians and uncivilized non-Christians

President William McKinley's Proclamation (December 21, 1898)

“FINALLY, IT SHOULD BE THE EARNEST WISH AND PARAMOUNT AIM OF THE MILITARY
ADMINISTRATION TO WIN THE CONFIDENCE, RESPECT, AND AFFECTION OF THE
INHABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES BY ASSURING THEM IN EVERY POSSIBLE WAY THAT
FULL MEASURE OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES WHICH IS THE HERITAGE OF
FREE PEOPLES, AND BY PROVING TO THEM THAT THE MISSION OF THE UNITED STATES
IS ONE OF BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION SUBSTITUTING THE MILD SWAY OF JUSTICE
AND RIGHT FOR ARBITRARY RULE. IN THE FULFILLMENT OF THIS HIGH MISSION,
SUPPORTING THE TEMPERATE ADMINISTRATION OF AFFAIRS FOR THE GREATEST
GOOD OF THE GOVERNED, THERE MUST BE SEDULOUSLY MAINTAINED THE STRONG
ARM OF AUTHORITY, TO REPRESS DISTURBANCE AND TO OVERCOME ALL OBSTACLES
TO THE BESTOWAL OF THE BLESSINGS OF GOOD AND STABLE GOVERNMENT UPON
THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS UNDER THE FREE FLAG OF THE UNITED
STATES.”

-“The White Man's Burden”

SCHURMANN COMMISSION (1899)

The First commission established by United States President William McKinley to study the
situation in the Philippines and make recommendations

SCHURMAN COMMISSION’S RECOMMENDATIONS

• establishment of civilian government
• establishment of a bicameral legislature
• autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels
• a system of free public elementary schools

"Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of
the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate,
the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through
American occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united Philippine
commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of
maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos
and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate. The latter, it is true, would
take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities. Nevertheless, they recognize the indubitable
fact that the Filipinos cannot stand alone. Thus, the welfare of the Filipino coincides with the
dictates of national honor in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago. We cannot from any
point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails; and the
commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest
blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands.”
- Dr. Jacob Schurman, 2 November 1900

TAFT COMMISSION (1900)

The Second Philippine Commission tasked to established a civil government in the Philippines.

THE SHIFT TO CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT

1. Appointment of wealthy Filipinos to key Government positions in executive and judicial
branches
2. Recruitment of Filipinos into colonial militia
3. Creation of First Filipino Political Party (1902)
4. US conducted Census and Election (1903- 1905)
5. Creation of the Philippine Assembly (1907)

CONSEQUENCES:
PACIFICATION (1902-1912)
A policy of indefinite retention under Republicans by way of "social uplift" and disciplining the
bodies
1. Colonial Public Health
2. Public Education

COLONIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES

1. Tariff Law of 1901 – lowered the tariff on American imported goods.
2. Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909 – no quota on all American products imported by the Philippines
3. Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913 – no limitations and hindrance to a free trade between
USA and Philippines (lasted until 1934).
PERIOD OF CONSOLIDATION (1913-1934)
Policy of Filipinization under democrats
1. Jones Law
2. Tydings-McDuffie Act

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1941)

The Triumph of Elite-Colonial Nationalism
1. State power concentrated in the executive
2. Social reforms in the face of increasing unrest

SAKDAL UPRISING (MAY 2–3, 1935)

The Sakdal movement was founded in 1930 by Benigno Ramos . Brief peasant rebellion in the
agricultural area of central Luzon, Philippines.

IN RETROSPECT
• Contradictory Legacy of US Rule: Democratic political reforms used to further non-
democratic social relations
• Technocratic and Elite Rule

Open Door Imperialism

The approach by which the Americans openly invaded countries in a dire attempt to expand their
own territory, with the slow, intended goal of becoming a worldwide superpower

FROM THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD TO

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Beyond the Misconceptions

Road to Philippine Commonwealth

• Hare-Hawes Cutting Act- December 1932
• Tydings-Mcduffie Act- March 1934
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH REPUBLIC
1. JANUARY 10 1934- Officials were elected to draft the Constitution in which Claro M.
Recto was the head
2. MARCH 23 1935- Constitutional Convention
3. MAY 14 1935- Constitution was ratified by plebiscite
4. NOVEMBER 15 1935- Inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth

MANUEL L. QUEZON
First president of the Philippine Commonwealth
"We shall build a government that will be just, honest, efficient, and strong to satisfy not only the
passing needs of the hour but also the exacting demands of the future."
PROGRAMS:

• COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 570

Tagalog-based national language was declared the official national language effective upon
independence.

• COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 184

Establish the Institute of National Language tasked to study the different Philippine languages for
the purpose of evolving and adopting a national language

• COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 211: LABOR AND TENANCY REFORMS

Established a minimum wage for laborers employed in public works projects
Eight-hour labor law for persons employed in any public or private industry

• COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1: NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT PROGRAMS

Ten-year period of training program of 21-year old men for 5½ months
Preparatory Military Training (PMT) was given in elementary, high school, and college levels

“I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by
Americans.” I want to tell you that I have, in my life, made no other remark which went around the
world but that. There had been no paper in the United States, including a village paper, which did
not print that statement, and I also had seen it printed in many newspapers in Europe. I would
rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by any
foreigner. I said that once; I say it again, and I will always say it as long as I live."
-Speech of President Quezon on Civil Liberties, December 9, 1939
DEARTH OF GENUINE REFORMS
• Period of Rapid Filipinization of the Colonial Bureaucracy
• Entrenchment and and expansion of power of the Filipino Elite
• Geographical consolidation and political centralization at cost of brutal war
• Increasing Social Unrest: Colorums, Juramentados, Communists, Suffragistas and Sakdalistas

THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

ASIA FOR ASIANS
The soldiers, and the Japanese people, were indoctrinated that they were children of the Emperor.
With their belief in their divine origin (from sun deity Amaterasu), they had the idea that they
possessed racial superiority and the burden of helping inferior races.

JAPANESE INVASION: A TIMELINE

• DECEMBER 7, 1941 - Attack on Pearl Harbor
• DECEMBER 8, 1941- Japanese attack US Bases in the Philippines (Clark, Davao,
Baguio, Appari)
• DECEMBER 20, 1941 - Japanese troops land in Davao and Jolo and advance
• DECEMBER 22,1941- Japanese troops land in Lingayen and advance across Central
Luzon towards Manila.

HIDDEN AGENDA
In order to obtain resources from Southeast Asian nations.

• To prevent the use of the Philippines as an advance base of operations by American

forces;
• To acquire staging areas and supply bases to enhance operations against the Netherlands
East Indies, and
• To secure the lines of communication between occupied areas in the south and the
Japanese Home Islands.

JAPANESE INVASION: A TIMELINE

• DECEMBER 25, 1941- War Plan Orange: General MacArthur declares Manila an open
city to spare it from Japanese bombings.
 • DECEMBER 31, 1941- On Corregidor, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña take oath
for second term in office.
• APRIL 9, 1942- The fall of Bataan
• MAY 6, 1942- The fall of Corregidor

A NEW ORDER
• January 3, 1942- Manila was under control of Japanese. Martial law is imposed.
• December 30, 1942- Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)
replacing all political parties
• June 20, 1943- The Japanese government nominates 20 Filipinos to the Preparatory
Commission prior to Philippine independence.
• September 4, 1943- The Preparatory Commission drafts the 1943 Constitution.
• September 20, 1943- Japanese Sponsored Second Republic of the Philippines.
-Jose P. Laurel took place as a president.

“This is the hour of fulfillment of the supreme aspiration of our people for centuries. It is but fitting
that we should on this momentous occasion dedicate a prayer of thanksgiving to those who paid
the full price of blood and treasure for the freedom which we have now achieved. Rest at long last
in your hallowed graves: immortal heroes of the Filipino race! The long night of vigil is ended. You
have not cued in vain. The spirit of Mactan, of Balintawak, of Bagumbayan, of Malolos, and Bataan
lives again!
The Republic which we are consecrating here today was born in the midst of a total war. Our
countryside was transformed into a gory battlefield to become a historic landmark of that titanic
conflict. From the crucible of a world in turmoil was unleashed the mighty forces that were to spell
the liberation of Asiatic peoples from foreign domination. Today, as we witness the triumphal
realization of our national ideal, we would be sadly wanting in those magnanimous qualities which
distinguished a noble and valiant race, if we did not forgive the wounds and havoc inflicted by that
war, the immolation of our youth with their golden promise of the future, the untold sufferings and
privations undergone by our innocent population. This is no time for indulging in unseemly
recriminations or for ventilating our grievances. In all dignity and out of the fullness of our hearts
we could do no less than acknowledge before the world our debt of honor to the August Virtue of
His Majesty, the Emperor of Nippon, for ordaining the holy war and hastening the day of our
national deliverance.”
"The work of our schools should be correlated with and supplemented by wholesome and
substantial home life, in order to afford the young a practical pattern of social behavior and a
working demonstration of group cohesiveness. It is imperative that we forge and rivet the links of
family solidarity. The family is the basic unit of society and the breakdown of the family can only
result in the disintegration of society. The consolidation of the authority of the paterfamilias, the
cultivation of the Oriental virtues of filial piety and obedience, and the restoration of womanhood
to its proper place in the home—this is the tripod which should hold fast and elevate the Filipino
family under the Republic.
We cannot listen to the fads of modernism which seek to flatter our women by giving them more
freedom for their own undoing, without undermining the institution of the family. Nor can we
deprive them of the rights they now enjoy without turning back the clock to the days when they
wore shackles and were regarded as mere chattel. As we can neither advance nor retrocede, we
have to maintain the rights which we have already conceded to our women without impairing in
any way the authority lodged in the head of the family to which they belong. This is inevitable
because the matriarchy of primitive times has long since ceased to exist. In every social unit there
must always be a focal center of authority, and in the Filipina family that epicentre has always
been the father as head of the first barangay."
"The Filipino woman must incarnate the purity and tenderness of Maria Clara, the solicitude and
self-sacrifice of Tandang Sora, the fecundity and motherly love of Teodora Alonso. The home is
her sovereign realm and motherhood is the highest position to which she should aspire. She
should look forward to the rearing of children as the consummation of her noblest mission in life.
The young generation must suckle from her breasts not only the seeds of patriotism but also those
rudiments of familial discipline which will imbue them with respect for their elders and obedience
to constituted authority."
At no time in our history is the demand for unity amongst our people more urgent or more
compelling. Only by presenting a compact and undivided front to all vital issues of the day can we
hope to erect the foundations of a strong and enduring Republic. I consider as rallying centers of
our national unity: The Flag, the Constitution, the National Anthem and the President of the
Republic. The Flag, I because it symbolizes the sacrifices of our heroes and synthesizes our
common imperishable tradition. The Constitution, because it expresses our collective and
sovereign will and embodies the sum of our political philosophy and experience. The National
Anthem, because it epitomizes the trials and tribulations, and crystallizes the longings and
aspirations of our race. The President, because he is the chosen leader of our people, the
directing and coordinating center of our government, and the visible personification of the State.
Foursquare on these rallying points, the dynamic instinct of racial solidarity latent in the heart of
each and every Filipino must be roused from its lethargy and inflamed with the passion of faith in
our common destiny as a people.
-Inaugural address of His Excellency, Jose P. Laurel, President of the Republic of the Philippines,
at the Legislative Building, October 14, 1943.

POLITICAL COLLABORATION
Among Elites
Among Non-Elites

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL

Re-Education
Military Rule
ATROCITIES OF WAR
DEATH MARCH
APRIL 9, 1942
•The Filipino and American soldiers walk from Mariveles to San Fernando, Pampanga, and then
to Capas, Tarlac. This covers a distance over 100Kms
•10,000 Filipinos, 650 Americans died in the march while another 15,000 died at the Prison camp.

TORTURE METHODS
“Beating, Roasting like a pig, Water cure, Electrocution , Burning of body parts, Requiring to shout
for hours, Drinking urine, Watching wife being tortured forcing to perform sexual acts in front of
soldiers.”
Kempei Tai
Elite Japanese force and the primary arm of the Japanese military administration in making sure
that peace and order is maintained.

COMFORT WOMEN
Testimony of Maria Rose Henson
“I was forced to stay at the hospital which they have made as a garrison. I met six women in the
garrison after two or three days in the place. The Japanese soldiers were forcing me to have sex
with several of their colleagues. Sometimes 12 soldiers would force me to have sex with them
and then they would allow me to rest for a while, then about 12 soldiers would have sex with me
again.There was no rest, they had sex with me every minute. That's why we were very tired. They
would allow you to rest only when all of them have already finished. Maybe, because we were
seven women in the garrison, there were a fewer number of soldiers for each one of us.But then,
due to my tender age, it was a painful experience for me. I stayed for three months in that place
after which I was brought to a rice mill also here in Angeles. It was nighttime when we were
fetched to be transferred. When I arrived in the rice mill, the same experience happened to us.
Sometimes in the morning and sometimes in the evening... not only 20 times. At times, we would
be brought to some quarters or houses of the Japanese. I remembered the Pamintuan Historical
House. We were brought there several times. You cannot say no as they will definitely kill you.
During the mornings, you have a guard. You are free to roam around the garrison, but you cannot
get out. I could not even talk to my fellow women two of whom I believed were Chinese. The
others I thought were also from Pampanga. But then, we were not allowed to talk to each other.”
ALTERNATIVE TO COLLABORATION
March 29, 1942: Guerilla Resistance
The Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon or HUKBALAHAP - a guerilla movement, is founded by
Luis Taruc.

EVERYDAY STRUGGLES
The Day starts with the broadcasts from the Radio Taiso, with exercise routines that Filipinos are
to follow. Japanese sought not only to make Filipinos obedient, but strong as well. Then
propaganda was seen everywhere highlighting Axis victories (Germany, Japan, Italy) vs (USA,
Soviet Union, Great Britain).

RED SUN SETTING

RESISTANCE AND LIBERATION
Despite Japan’s insistence that they are bringing the Philippines to a better state, actual actions
of the Japanese military brought terror, breeding anger and animosity among Filipinos

LIBERATION OF MANILA: A TIMELINE

• AUGUST 1, 1944- Osmeña becomes the President as the result of Quezon's death
• October 17, 1944- General MacArthur returns with a force of 700 vessels and 175,000
men. The battle of Leyte Gulf begins.
• OCTOBER 20, 1944- MacArthur lands in Leyte
• FEBRUARY 3, 1945 The battle for liberation in Manila begins.
• FEBRUARY 23, 1945- Japanese have retreated into Intramuros
• MARCH 4, 1945- Manila was officially liberated
• JULY 5, 1945- MacArthur officially announces the liberation of the Philippines
• AUGUST 15, 1945- Japan was forced to surrender
• JULY 4, 1946- US grants Philippines Independence
 POST WAR REPUBLIC
(1946-1972)
A NEOCOLONIAL PROJECT?

POST WAR PROBLEMS

• REBUILDING FROM THE ASHES
In 1946, the Philippines stood heavily ravaged by war, its industries destroyed, agricultural
cycle derailed, infrastructure shattered, & a population one million persons less due to the
war.
• ISSUES OF COLLABORATION
At stake: should collaborators be held to account when so many were resisting and
suffering?
• COPING WITH SOCIAL UNREST
• Presence of organized armed groups prepared to wage to war.

➢ SOUGHT US AID FOR RECOVERY

REHABILITATION ACT
• Provided for an outlay of 620 million dollars to be given to war victims.
• US had the condition that the parity rights be accorded the US before the rehabilitation act
to take effect.

BELL TRADE ACT

• The law extended the free trade economic relationship between the Philippines and the
U.S. for eight years, to expire in 1954. Gradual imposition of duties would be achieved in
1974 (Jose, 1998, p. 412).

LAUREL - LANGLEY AGREEMENT

• Under this agreement, American citizens and businesses were able to own 100 percent
of companies in any area of the economy

MILITARY BASES AGREEMENT

The Philippines granted the US the right to maintain and use specified bases for a period of ninety
nine years.

MILITARY ASSISTANCE PACT

US would provide arms, ammunition, equipment and supplies to the Armed Forces.
 ➢ SOUGHT TO DEVELOP AND DEMOCRATIZE NATION-STATE
RESOLVING THE COLLABORATION ISSUE
Threatened to erode elite legitimacy.

UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE EXTENDED

How to win elections became a problem of the elites.

TRANSITION FROM COLONIAL SOCIETY TO NECOLONIALISM

NEOCOLONIALISM
"Where efforts at control over the former colonies, and other nation states, grew much more
indirect, subtle (e.g. through cultural and educational institutions), and focused on economic
control and exploitation."
-(Nkrumah, 1965 as cited in Ritzer and Dean, 2015: 60)

US NEOCOLONIALISM
• Politics of collaboration
• The strengthening of American political patronage
• The Filipino ruling class and elites as articulators of American Interests

MANUEL ROXAS
ARCHITECT OF NEOCOLONIAL POLICIES

IMPLEMENTORS OF NEOCOLONIAL POLICIES

1. ELPIDIO QUIRINO
• Recipient of $250 million economic aid and $100 million military assistance
• Weakened the rebellion waged by the PKP-HMB
• 1949 elections marred by fraud and violence
MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY
The treaty provided that each country (US and Philippines) recognize that an attack on the other
would be seen as dangerous to its own security; in such event, the country under attack pledged
to meet the common dangers in accordance with its constitutional promises. – still fell short of the
automatic declaration of war which was a letdown.

COLD WAR
Conflicting relationship between the Soviet Union and its allies and the West, especially the United
States, between the end of WW II and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

2. RAMON MAGSAYSAY
• Former Secretary of Defense
• Suppression of the PKP-HMB Rebellion
• Foreign Relations (SEATO and NAM) • Re-settled peasants in Mindanao
• Died suddenly in a plane crash,

NATIONALIST POSTURINGS
1. CARLOS P. GARCIA
• Filipino First Policy
• Anti-Subversion Law
• Austerity Programs

2. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
• Change of the independence day celebration (July 4 to June 12)
• Founding of MAPHILINDO
• Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963

US NEOCOLONIALISM + ELITE DEMOCRACY

• The postwar period tied the Philippines to the US
• Regime of elite democracy
• Created conditions for continued social strife
SET UP CONDITIONS FOR RISE OF FERDINAND MARCOS AND
AUTHORITARIAN RULE (1965-1986)

Marcos and Beyond

Parallelisms of Past and the Present

FERDINAND E. MARCOS (1917-1989)

• Born in Batac, Ilocos Norte
• Roots in provincial middle class
• Fought in WWII

ROAD TO AUTHORITARIAN POWER

• 1965 Won the Election
• 1969 Re-Elected as President
• 1970-1971 First Quarter Storm
• 1971-1972 Mysterious Bombings IN MANILA
• SEPTEMBER 21, 1972 Martial Law Declaration

SOCIO-ECONOMIC
• PRICES OF GOODS TRIPLED IN THE LAST DECADE OF ML
• DAILY WAGES OF SKILLED AND UNSKILLED WORKERS FELL SHARPLY
• FARMERS BECOME POORER
• EXTERNAL DEBT SKYROCKETED TO A FIGURE OF $28.26 BILLION IN 1986
• 6 IN EVERY 10 FILIPINO FAMILIES WERE POOR BY THE END OF THE MARCOS
PERIOD

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

JABIDAH MASSACRE
• 107,000 VIctims of Human Rights Violation
• 70,000 Arrested Without Warrants
• 3,240 KILLED

TORTURE METHODS
• Truth serum
 • Russian Roulette
• San Juanico Bridge
• Electric Shock
• Pistol Whipping
• Water cure
• Burning
• Beating
• Pepper torture
• Sexual Abuse

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
• BATAAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT - ESTIMATED TOTAL COST OF $2.2 BILLION
• CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES COMPLEX- DEBT AMOUNTING TO PHP
63 MILLION
• SAN JUANICO BRIDGE- COST ABOUT $21 MILLION
• MANILA FILM CENTER- COST AN ESTIMATED $25 MILLION
• MANILA BAY RECLAMATION PROJECT- COST AN ESTIMATED $1 BILLION

$5-10B - ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH

$683M- Marcos Assets in Various Swiss Banks as Ruled by Supreme Court in 2003

FIRST QUARTER STORM

ROAD TO PEOPLE POWER I
• Movement for the Advancement of Nationalism 1967
• Communist Party of the Philippines 1968
• New People’s Army 1969
• Militant student protests 1972
• Ninoy Aquino’s Assasination 1983
• Enrile, Ramos and Cardinal Sin called out to the people for support after the failed snap
elections. 1986

“This could be as close as the 20thcentury has come to the storming of Bastille, but what’s so
remarkable is how little violence there has been. We Americans like to think that we taught
Filipinos democracy—well, tonight, they’re teaching the world.”
-BOB SIMON, ANCHORMAN CBS NEWS
CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992)
• First Female President of the Philippines and in Asia
• Ratified the 1987 Constitution
• Passed laws such as CARL (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law), Local Government
Code, Administrative Code, ARMM Law and Generic Law

FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992-1998)

• Philippines 2000
• Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the Department of Energy)

JOSEPH ESTRADA (1998-2001)

• Man of the Masses
• RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
• Clean Air Act
• War against MILF

20 ROAD TO PEOPLE POWER II

• People that gathered at the EDSA Shrine. JANUARY 17
• Students along with lawyers from numerous bar associations, and members of activists
groups joined the protest. JANUARY 18
• The PNP and AFP withdrew their support for Estrada. JANUARY 19
• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo took office JANUARY 20

GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (2001-2010)

• Hello Garci Scandal
• NBN-ZTE Controversy
• Oakwood Mutiny

BENIGNO AQUINO III (2010-2016)

• Reformist Agenda
• Mamasapano
• Yolanda Funds
• Manila Hostage Crisis