ENGLISH EXPOSITION

SUBJECT: BASIC MATHEMATICS

Level I

“Escuela Militar de
Cadetes”
Colombia
First Cut
Teacher: Eng. Guillermo A. Manjarrés G.
Bogotá, August 2017
 English Expositions. Basic Mathematics

PROPOSITIONS AND LOGICAL CONNECTORS

INTRODUCTION:
Mathematical Logic is the branch of mathematics that is dedicated to
the study of propositions; to decide whether complex statements that
are bound by logical connectors are true or false through truth tables.
His theory is developed parallel to Sets Theory.
 English Expositions. Basic Mathematics

CONCEPT OF PROPOSITION: A proposition is a phrase that tells

us something. That is, that without a doubt we can affirm if it is true
or false. 

Examples: 

Bogota is the Colombia capital 5 is greater than 9 

3 is an even number 20 is not greater than 18

 

CLASS PROPOSITIONS: Propositions can be simple or compound;

open or closed. 
 English Expositions. Basic Mathematics

Simple Propositions: The following phrases are simple propositions: 

2 is a prime number. We are in math class. 

The simple propositions can be true (T) or false (F).

A simple proposition is symbolized by a lowercase letter.

Generally, the letters p, q, r, .... 

Examples: 

p: 20 is an even number (T)

q: The students of the school are young people applied (T)
r: 10 is a multiple of 8 (F)
s: 5 is less than 3 (F)  
 English Expositions. Basic Mathematics

Negation Simple Proposition: Given the simple proposition:

The board is white. Your negation will be: The board is not white.

Note that for to deny a proposition, enough to deny the verb.

Notation: Given a proposition p, its negation is symbolized ~ p

which reads "not p" 

Examples:

 1. p: 2 is an even number

~ p: 2 is not even number 

2. q: 8 is a perfect square number

~ q: 8 is not a perfect square number 

3. r: 6 is a multiple of 4
~ r: 6 is not a multiple of 4
 English Expositions. Basic Mathematics

Compound Propositions: They are formed by two or more simple

propositions linked by logical connectors. These are: 

Disjunction or whose symbol is V 

Conjunction and whose symbol is ˄

 Implication if ... then ... whose symbol is → 

Double implication ... if and only if ... whose symbol is ↔

 English Expositions. Basic Mathematics

Examples: Given the simple propositions 

p: 3 is an odd number q: 12 is a multiple of 6. 

We will form compound propositions, using each of the Logical connectors 

1. Using the disjunction (or) 

p V q: 3 is an odd number or 12 is a multiple of 6 

2. Using the conjunction (and) 

p ^ q: 3 is an odd number and 12 is a multiple of 6 

3. Using the implication (if ... then ...) 

p → q: if 3 is an odd number then 12 is a multiple of 6 

4. Using double implication (... if and only if ...) 

p ↔ q: 3 in an odd number if and only if 12 is a multiple of 6  
THANKS