Implantable

Preparation
Skin
largest of the body organs
an average adult’s skin has a
surface area of about 2 m2
heaviest organ of the body
for local, regional, or systemic
effects.
Drug Effects
Drug are applied to the skin to elicit one or
more of four general effects:
an effect on the skin surface
an effect within the stratum corneum
a more deep-seated effect requiring
penetration into the epidermis and dermis
a systemic effect resulting from delivery of
sufficient drug through the epidermis and
the dermis to vasculature to produce
therapeutic systemic concentrations. 
Implants
solid dosage forms which are inserted
under the skin by a small surgical
incision.
used for hormone replacement therapy
implant containing a progestogen has
been developed for use as a
contraceptive.
slow and long-term therapy
contraceptive implant the effect
continues up to 5 years.
A testosterone implant used in the
treatment of male hypogonadism will
maintain adequate hormone levels in the
patient for 4-5 months. Implants must be
sterile.
most commonly use for parenteral
administration over a significantly
prolonged period of time.
Norplant (Wyeth-Ayerst) is a commercially
available levonorgestestrel implant
system, indicated for the preventions of
pregnancy for as long as 5 years.
Transdermal drug
delivery system
Transdermal Drug Delivery
System
Transdermal Patches
stratum corneum, presents a barrier to
most drug absorption, it provides a large
(1-2 m2)
accessible surface area for drug diffusion.
transdermal administration, as compared
to other routes, is fairly noninvasive.
quite willing to accept the use of simple-
looking “patch” as it can be conveniently
applied and removed.
A transdermal patch or skin patch is a
medicated adhesive patch that is placed
on the skin to deliver a time released
dose of medication through the skin and
into the bloodstream.
A wide variety of pharmaceuticals can
be delivered by transdermal patches.
The first commercially available
prescription patch was approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration in
December 1979, which administered
scopolamine for motion sickness.
Current transdermal patches can
be classified into four types:
1. Membrane-modulated system represented by
Transderm-Scop (Scopolamine, Novartis)
drug reservoir is totally encapsulated in a shallow
compartment molded from a drug-impermeable
backing and a rate-controlling polymeric membrane.
The drug molecules are released only through the
rate-controlling polymeric membrane.
The rate-limiting membrane can be microporous or
nonporous.
external surface of the membrane, a thin layer if
drug-compatible, hypoallergenic, adhesive polymer
(e.g. silicone or polyacrylate adhesive) may be
applied to achieve intimate contact of the
transdermal system with the skin.
The rate of drug release from this
type of drug-delivery system can be
tailored by varying the polymer
composition, permeability coefficient,
or thickness of the rate-limiting
membrane and adhesive.
2. Adhesive dispersion-type system
lacks the permeation-controlling membrane
drug reservoir is formulated by directly
dispersing the drug in an adhesive polymer
and then spreading the medicated adhesive,
by solvent casting, onto a flat sheet of drug-
impermeable backing membrane to form a
thin drug-reservoir layer.
On top of the drug-reservoir layer, layers of
nonmedicated, rate-controlling adhesive
polymer of constant thickness are applied to
produce an adhesive diffusion-controlled
drug delivery system.
3. Matrix dispersion-type system
 The drug reservoir is formed by
homogeneously dispersing the drug in a
hydrophilic or lipophilic polymer matrix, and
then the medicated polymer is molded into a
medicated disc with a defined surface area
and controlled thickness.
The disc is then glued onto an occlusive base
plate in a compartment fabricated from drug-
impermeable backing.
The adhesive polymer is spread along the
circumference to form a strip of adhesive rim
around the medicated disc. Release rate is
controlled by diffusion from the matrix.
4. Micro reservoir System
drug reservoir is formed by first
suspending the drug particles in an
aqueous solution of water-soluble
polymer and then dispersing it
homogeneously in a lipophilic
polymer by s high- shear mechanical
force to form a large number of
unleachable, microscopic spheres of
drug reservoir.
Method of use
Novel method of drug delivery it is very
important that patients are informed
how to use these devices correctly. All
patients who purchase or are prescribed
patches should be given the following
information about their use.
To ensure adequate adhesion the patch
must be applied to a clean, dry area of
skin.
The old patch must always be removed
before applying a new one.
When a patch is replaced area of skin. The
area of skin from which a patch has just
been removed will be soft and possibly
moist. This alters the permeability of the
skin. In order to maintain the same level
of drug absorption a different, intact area
of skin must be used.
The patch must be disposed of carefully. It
should be folded together to prevent it
being struck onto another person’s skin.
Particular care should be taken to keep
patches away from children.
Penetration Enhancers
 Substances that facilitates
absorption through the skin.
Penetration enhancers with a
direct effect on skin permeability
include solvents, surfactants, and
miscellaneous chemicals such as
urea and N,N-diethyl-m-
toluamide. 
 Penetration Enhancers
1. Solvents
- Water
- Alcohols
Methanol
Ethanol
2-propanol
 Alkyl-methyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide
Decylmethyl sulfoxide
Tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide
 Pyrrolidones
2-pyrrolidones
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
 Leurocapram
 Miscellaneous solvents
Acetone
Dimethyl acetamide
Dimethyl formamide
2. Amphiphiles
 Amino acids
 anionic surfactants
 cationic surfactants
 amphoteric surfactants
 nonionic surfactants
 fatty acids and alcohols
3. Miscellaneous
 Clofibric acid amides
 Hexamethylene lauramide
 Proteulytic enzymes
 Urea
Cosmetics
Cosmetics are substances used to
enhance or protect the appearance
or odor of the human body. 
The U.S. FDA which regulates
cosmetics defines cosmetics as:
"intended to be applied to the
human body for cleansing,
beautifying, promoting
attractiveness, or altering the
appearance without affecting the
body's structure or functions."
Cosmetics include skin-care creams,
lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks,
fingernail polishes, eye and facial
makeup, permanent waves, hair colors,
deodorants, baby products, bath oils,
bubble baths, bath salts, butters and
many other types of products.  
A subset of cosmetics is called "make-
up", which refers primarily to colored
products intended to alter the user’s
appearance.
Lipstick
Lipstick
cosmetic product containing pigments, oils,
waxes, and emollients that applies color and
texture to the lips.
Lipstick is known to have been used around
5000 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia, when
semi-precious jewels were crushed and applied
to the lips and occasionally around the eyes.
Women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization
applied lipstick to their lips for face decoration.
Ancient Egyptians extracted purplish-red dye
from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some
bromine mannite, which resulted in serious
illness.
Cleopatra had her lipstick made from
crushed carmine beetles, which gave
a deep red pigment, and ants for a
base. Lipsticks with shimmering
effects were initially made using a
substance found in fish scales called
pearlescence
Shampoo
Shampoo
Shampoo is a common hair care product used for
the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles,
environmental pollutants and other contaminant
particles that gradually build up in hair.
The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up
without stripping out so much as to make hair
unmanageable.
Shampoo, when lathered with water, is a
surfactant, which, while cleaning the hair and
scalp, can remove the natural oils (sebum) which
lubricate the hair shaft.
Shampooing is frequently followed by conditioners
which increase the ease of combing and styling.
Shampoo cleans by stripping sebum from the hair.
Sebum is an oil secreted by hair follicles that is
readily absorbed by the strands of hair, and forms
a protective layer. Sebum protects the protein
structure of hair from damage, but this protection
comes at a cost. It tends to collect dirt, styling
products and scalp flakes. Surfactants strip the
sebum from the hair shafts and thereby remove
the dirt attached to it.
While both soaps and shampoos contain
surfactants, soap bonds to oils with such affinity
that it removes too much if used on hair. Shampoo
uses a different class of surfactants balanced to
avoid removing too much oil from the hair.
The chemical mechanisms that underlie hair
cleansing are similar to that of traditional soap.
Undamaged hair has a hydrophobic surface to which
skin lipids such as sebum stick, but water is initially
repelled. The lipids do not come off easily when the
hair is rinsed with plain water. Shampoo applied to
wet hair is absorbed into the oil/hair interfaces.
The anionic surfactants substantially reduce the
interfacial surface tension and allow for the removal
of the sebum from the hair shaft. The non-polar oily
materials on the hair shaft are solubilised into the
surfactant micelle structures of the shampoo and are
removed during rinsing. There is also considerable
removal through a surfactant and oil "roll up" effect.
Shampoo formulations seek to
maximize the following qualities:
Easy rinsing
Good finish after washing hair
Minimal skin/eye irritation
No damage to hair
Feels thick and/or creamy
Pleasant fragrance
Low toxicity
Good biodegradability
Slightly acidic pH, since a basic
environment weakens the hair by breaking
the disulfide bonds in hair keratin.
Many shampoos are pearlescent. This
effect is achieved by addition of tiny flakes
of suitable materials, eg. glycol distearate,
chemically derived from stearic acid, which
may have either animal or vegetable
origins. Glycol distearate is a wax.
Surfactants
Surfactants, also known as wetting agents,
lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing
easier spreading, and the interfacial tension
between two liquids. The term surfactant is a
contraction of "Surface active agent".
The major types of surfactants used in
shampoos include:
Anionic
Cationic
Nonionic
Amphoteric
Specialized shampoos
a. Dandruff
Cosmetic companies have
developed shampoos specifically for
those who have dandruff. These
contain fungicides such as zinc
pyrithione and selenium sulfide
which reduce loose dander by
killing Malassezia furfur. Coal tar
and salicylate derivatives are often
used as well.
b. All-natural
Some companies use "all-natural",
"organic", "botanical", or "plant-derived"
ingredients (such as plant extracts or oils),
combining these additions with one or
more typical surfactants. The effectiveness
of these organic ingredients is disputed.
c. Alternative
Alternative shampoos, sometimes labeled
SLS-free, have fewer harsh chemicals -
typically none from the sulfate family. They
are claimed to be gentler on human hair.
d. Infant
Shampoo for infants is formulated so that
it is the same pH level as the eye, thus
less irritating if it were to get into the
eyes. Most contain sodium laureth
sulfate and/or sodium lauryl sulfate, the
mildest surfactant of the sulfate family.
Alternatively, infant shampoos may be
formulated using other classes of
surfactants, most notably non-ionics
which are much milder than any
charged anionics used.
e. Animal
Shampoo for animals (such as for dogs
or cats) should be formulated especially
for them, as their skin has fewer cell
layers than human skin.
Cats' skin is 2-3 cell layers thick, while
dogs' skin is 3-5 layers.
Human skin, by contrast, is 10-15 cell
layers thick. This is a clear example of
why one should never use even
something as mild as baby shampoo on
a cat, dog, or other pet.
Shampoo intended for animals may contain
insecticides or other medications for treatment of
skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas
or mange.
These must never be used on humans! It is equally
important to note that while some human shampoos
may be harmless when used on animals, any
haircare products that contain active
ingredients/drugs (such as zinc in antidandruff
shampoos) are potentially toxic when ingested by
animals.
Special care must be taken not to use those
products on pets. Cats are at particular risk due to
their instinctive method of grooming their fur with
their tongues
Powder
Face Powders. A cosmetic made
from coloured talc, applied to the
face
Body powder is the generic name
for alternatives to talcum powder. It
is usually made from a combination
of tapioca flour, rice flour, cornstarch
, kaolin, arrowroot powder, and/or
orrisroot powder, but other powders
may be used.
Soap
Soap is a surfactant used in conjunction with
water for washing and cleaning.
It usually comes in a solid molded form,
termed bars due to its historic and most
typical shape.
The use of thick liquid soap has also become
widespread, especially from soap dispensers
in public washrooms. Applied to a soiled
surface, soapy water effectively holds
particles in suspension so the whole of it can
be rinsed off with clean water. In the
developed world, synthetic detergents have
superseded soap as a laundry aid.
Many soaps are mixtures of sodium (soda
) or potassium (potash) salts of
fatty acids which can be derived from oils
or fats by reacting them with an alkali
(such as sodium or potassium hydroxide)
at 80 – 100 °C in a process known as
saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by
the base, yielding glycerol and crude
soap. Historically, the alkali used was
potassium hydroxide made from the
deliberate burning of vegetation such as
bracken, or from wood ashes.
USES:
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules
attach readily to both nonpolar molecules (such as
grease or oil) and polar molecules (such as water).
Although grease will normally adhere to skin or
clothing, the soap molecules can attach to it as a
"handle" and make it easier to rinse away. Allowing
soap to sit on any surface (skin, clothes etc) over time
can imbalance the moisture content on it and result in
the dissolving of fabrics and dryness of skin.
(fatty end)  :CH3-(CH2)n - COONa: (water soluble end)
The hydrocarbon ("fatty") portion dissolves dirt and
oils, while the ionic end makes it soluble in water.
Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-
insoluble matter by emulsification.
Toothpaste
Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used to
clean and improve the aesthetic appearance
and health of teeth. It is almost always used in
conjunction with a toothbrush.
Toothpaste use can promote good oral hygiene:
it can aid in the removal of dental plaque and
food from the teeth, it can aid in the
elimination and/or masking of halitosis, and it
can deliver active ingredients such as fluoride
to prevent tooth and gums (Gingiva) disease.
Most people in developed countries consider
toothpaste a necessity and use it at least once
a day.
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most popular
active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent
cavities; some brands use sodium
monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F). Nearly all
toothpaste sold in the United States has
1000 to 1100 parts per million fluoride ion
from one of these active ingredients. This
consistency leads some to conclude that
cheap toothpaste is just as good as
expensive toothpaste. When the magazine
Consumer Reports rated toothpastes in
1998, 30 of the 38 were judged excellent.
Many, though not all, toothpastes contain
sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or another of the
sulfate family. SLS is found in other personal care
products as well, such as shampoo, and is largely
a foaming agent. SLS may cause a greater
frequency of mouth ulcers in some people as it
can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues
causing the underlying tissues to become
damaged. Some brands include powdered white
mica. This acts as a mild abrasive to aid polishing
of the tooth surface, and also adds a
cosmetically-pleasing glittery shimmer to the
paste. Many may include frustules of dead
diatoms, as a mild abrasive.
Ingredients such as baking soda, enzymes, vitamins,
herbs, calcium, calcium sodium phosphosilicate,
mouthwash, and/or hydrogen peroxide are often
combined into base mixes and marketed as being
beneficial. Some manufacturers add antibacterial
agents, for example triclosan or zinc chloride.
Toothpaste comes in a variety of flavors, most often
being some variation on mint (spearmint, peppermint,
regular mint, etc). Other more exotic flavors include:
anise, apricot, bubblegum (marketed mostly to
children), cinnamon, fennel, neem, ginger, vanilla,
lemon, orange, pine. Flavors which have been
introduced but discontinued due to poor reception
include peanut butter, iced tea, and even whisky. Some
pastes are unflavored.
Many toothpastes contain colorings for
better visual acceptance.
Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed.
Some types of toothpaste may cause
nausea or diarrhea if swallowed in excess
quantity. Extended consumption while the
teeth are forming can result in fluorosis.
This is why young children should not use
toothpaste except under close supervision.
There are several non-fluoride toothpaste
options available in the market for those
with no tolerance to fluoride.
Finish