The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

University College of Engineering &

Technology

EEN-324
Power Electronics

DC Choppers
Chp#9

1
Engr. Affifa Adeeb
 INTRODUCTION
 DC-DC converter (chopper) is used to convert constant DC
voltage into variable DC voltage.

 In DC-DC conversion circuits, thyristors are used as switching

elements. Here thyristors must be turned off using forced
commutation as they lack facility of natural commutation
that is available in AC circuits.

 Buck chopper produces output that is less than or equal to

input voltage.

 Boost chopper provides an output voltage that is greater than

or equal to input voltage.

 Typical application of DC choppers is DC motor speed

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control.
 PRINCIPLES OF BASIC DC
CHOPPERS

Basic DC Chopper

 Switch is turned on and off periodically. In this way

constant voltage can be connected to and disconnected
from the load.

 By a periodic application of constant voltage at a

particular frequency across the load, variable voltage can
be achieved by controlling the on period of the switch. 3
 Instantaneous voltage across load is either zero (S
off) or Vi (S on).
 Average (DC) output voltage over a cycle is:
V0= TON Vi
TON+TOFF
V0=TON Vi
T
V0=d Vi 4
Output voltage as function of duty cycle

Output voltage varies linearly with duty cycle.

It is possible to control output voltage from zero

to Vi as duty cycle varies from zero to 1.

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METHODS FOR VARING AVERAGE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Pulse-Width Modulation Pulse-Frequency Modulation

 Pulse width TON is varied  Pulse width TON is kept

while overall switching constant while the period
period is kept constant. (frequency) is varied.

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 STEP-DOWN (BUCK)
CHOPPER

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Basic Step-Down Chopper circuit

Equivalent circuit for on state Equivalent Circuit for off state

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Continous Current Mode

 As elements are ideal,

DC power drawn from
source must equal
the DC power
absorbed by load.
P0 = Pi
V0 I0 = Vi Ii
I0 =Vi * Ii
V0
=Vi * Ii
Vi d
I0 = Ii_
d 9
Discontinous Current Mode

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 STEP-UP (BOOST)
CHOPPER

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Basic Step-Up Chopper Circuit

On State Off state 12

 On-State
 When S is on (D is off),
capacitor energy supplies the
load voltage.
Vo=Vc (if capacitor is
charged)
 During on-state of switch S,
voltage across inductor
instantly becomes equal to
input supply voltage. Current
through it increases
gradually and stores energy
in its magnetic field.
 For very first time, when S is
closed Vo=0, as capacitor is
not charged.
Off-State
 When S is off (D is on),
inductor voltage reverses its
polarity and adds in input
voltage to provide output
voltage which is equal to:
V0=Vi+VL
 During off state of S,
capacitor charges and voltage
at it gradually build up to
Vi+VL
(This capacitor voltages
serves as load voltage when
next time S in on)
 If S is off forever, inductor
acts as short circuit. It does
not develop any voltage and
Vo= Vi 13
Voltage and current
waveforms for duty cycle
50%
d= 0.5 means Switch is on and
off for equal time intervals.

Energy that inductor develops

during on-state is completely
dessipated during off-state.

If duty cycle increases above

0.5, inductor will not
dessipate its energy
completely in off-states. The
remaining inductor voltage
(due to left-over energy) adds
up next time when switch is
off and more increased
voltage appears at output. 14
If duty cycle increases above 0.5, inductor will not dessipate its energy
completely in off-states. The remaining inductor voltage (due to left-
over energy) adds up next time when switch is off and more increased
voltage appears at output.

Neglecting losses, energy transferred by inductance during TOFF

must equal the energy gained by it during period TON
Final expression for output load voltage is:
Vo=Vi [1/(1-d)]

If switch is open (d=0), output voltage is equal to input

voltage. As d increases, output voltage becomes larger than
input voltage.
So output voltage is always higher than input voltage if switch
is operated at an appropriately high frequency.
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 BUCK-BOOST CHOPPER

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On State Off State 17
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