WEEK 2

Stages for construction

Prepared by:-
Assoc. Prof. Ir Dr Hjh Kartini Kamaruddin

 Setting Out Work

 Piling
 WEEK 2
At the end of week 2 lectures, student will
be able to :
-Identify setting out works involve in building
construction, i.e., site clearing, setting out and
establish the building datum level. (CO1)
- Explain various types, functions and factors of
selections for piling. (CO1; CO3)
 BUILDING
Building may refer to one of the following:
Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting
or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy.

 Site works and setting out

CONSTRUCTION SITE
 A building or construction site can be
considered as a temporary factory
employing the necessary resources to
successfully fulfill a contract
Site works and Setting Out

 Contractors responsibility after being given

possession and site layout plan and detail
drawings necessary
 Commencing tasks:-
 Clearing the site
 Setting out the building
 Establishing a datum level
Site Investigation
Soil investigation including:-
a) Land surveying
- Boundaries determination and set up
- Establishing a datum level (TBM)

b) Assessment and testing

- sampling of media such as soil, water
or air

c) Availability of materials and basic supply

- Construction materials
- Available road and drainage systems
- Electrical and water supply
- Environments
Clearing the Site
 May involve:-
 Demolition of existing buildings (by experienced
contractor)
 Grubbing out bushes and tress (by manual or
mechanical means, or by specialist for the large
tress)
 Removal of soil to reduce levels following to
Building Regulation C1 (sterilize the top 300 mm
to contain plant life and decaying vegetation)
Topography of
the site and some
common
material on site
Removal of tree trunks
Grubbing of trees, shrubs and roots
Site clearing work carried out
Excavator heaping up top soil
 Earthwork
operation
Setting Out the Site
1. Establish a base line from which the whole of
the building can be set out.
 Marked on site clearly so that it can be re-
established at any time
 Using steel tape (30 meters and not stretchable is
more suitable)
 Marked each corner with a stout peg
 Check on the right angle and correct lengths
(advisable using different method)
Setting out & Setting Boundary
a) SITE BOUNDARY

The surveyor must to determine the site boundary

of the construction area to avoid trespass to the
another construction area.
 b) LEVELING
The land surveyor will
determine the original ground
level for the land and mark a
survey peg for drain, pipes,
cables and main sewerage
treatment plant (MSTP), also
the road complying with the
Jabatan Pengairan dan Land surveyor
Saliran (JPS). determine the
OGL
 Typical builder
square

Setting out and checking methods

 continue
Setting Out the Site
2. Set up profile board-after the main building lines
 Should set up clear of the foundations trench positions to
locate the trench, foundations and walls
 Required at all trench and wall intersections
Typical profile board
Establishing a Datum Level
 All levels in a building are taken from a fixed point
called a ‘datum’
 Should establish after the setting out and related to
ordnance benchmark
 An arrow with a horizontal mark above the arrow
 The centerline of the horizontal being the actual
level indicated on an ordnance survey maps
 Sloping Sites
Three methods in reducing levels:-
1. Cut and Fill - usual method, the amount of cut will equal the amount of fill

2. Cut – Advantages of having undisturbed soil over the site, but having
disadvantages of cost of removing the spoil from the site
Sloping sites
3. Fill – Not to be recommended, deep foundation would be
needed, the risk of settlement and the amount of fill should be
limited to 600 mm
 PILING – Function:-
 To transmit foundation loads through
soil strata of low bearing capacity to
deeper soil or rock strata having a
high bearing capacity, or used in
normal ground condition to resist
heavy uplift forces or in poor soil
conditions to resist horizontal loads.
Piles can generally be classify with respect to their
function :- Friction piles or End Bearing Piles.
 FRICTION PILES
In cohesionless soils – the applied load is
transferred to the surrounding soil mainly
through skin friction along the surface of the
piles. A large part of load is also carried by
the pile toe. The skin friction resistance varies
mainly with relative density of the soil and
with the shape of the pile.
Friction piles in cohesive soil – almost the
whole load on the pile is transferred to the
surrounding soil along the pile surface
through skin friction and only a very small
part through the pile toe.
END BEARING PILES – pilesdriven down to a
layer with high bearing capacity, the applied load
is transferred from the pile to the surrounding soil
mainly through the pile toe
Classification of Piles
Displacement Piles Replacement Piles
 Piles are driven or  A hole is form in the
pushed, vibrated or ground by removal of
screwed into the material from the
ground, displacing ground and thus
the soil outwards and material is replaced
downwards but no by a concrete material
materials are formed in the ground.
removed.
 DISPLACEMENT PILES
 DRIVEN PILES – Preformed unit driven into the
soil by blows of hammer.
 Materials of performed pile are :-
Timber ;
Concrete; or
Steel

Advantages :- 1. can be inspected and checked as a sound

structural member before it is driven into the ground.
2. Length of pile to be driven depends on the local variation of
soil strata.

Disadvantage :- when cutting off unwanted pile or the

addition of extra lengths can become an expensive additional
Driven -Timber Piles

 Usually square sawn timber of

sizes 225 x 225 to 600 x 600mm.
 Easy to handle and driven by percussion or drop
hammer.
 Most timber piles are fitted with an iron or steel
driving shoe to prevent splitting due to driving, and
have iron ring around the head to restrict ‘brooming’
of the pile head due to overdriving.
 Timber pile is not suitable of driving through dense
strata or strata with obstruction.
cont..
Driven -Timber Piles
 Characteristic of Timber Piles :-
1. Must be free from short or reverse bends,
large or loose knots, slake, splits and decay.
2. Must be free from short or reverse bends and
from crooks > 11/2 diameter of the pile at the
middle of the bend.
3. Straightness of grain line between centres of
butt and tip must be within the body of the
pile.
4. Uniform taper from the butt to tip.
Driven – Precast Concrete
Piles
 Used where soft soils overlaying
a firm strata are encountered. Lengths up to 18m
with section sizes ranging from 250 x 250mm to
450 x 450mm carrying loadings up to 1000kN.
 The precast concrete driven pile has little
frictional bearing strength since the driving
operation mould the cohesive soils around the
shaft which reduces the positive frictional
resistance.
cont..
Driven – Precast Concrete Piles
Available Precast Concrete Piles are :-
 Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles – made of
concrete statically cast in uniform section before
driving into ground and reinforced with steel bars.
 Precast Pretensioned Concrete Piles - made of
concrete statically cast in uniform section & suitably
reinforced with pretensioned prestressing steel.
 Precast Pretensioned Spun Concrete Piles – hollow
pile made of concrete cast by centrifugal spinning.
Suitably reinforced with pretensioned prestressing
steel.
cont..
Driven – Precast Concrete Piles
Problem encounter when using this pile in urban
area :-
 Transporting the complete length of pile
through narrow or congested streets;
 The driving process which is generally
percussion can set up unacceptable noise or
vibration;
 Many urban sites are themselves restricted or
congested thus making it difficult to
manoeuvre the long piles length around the
site.
 Driven – Steel Piles
Two main types of steel pile in general use:-
H-section pile – usually in the form of wide
flange sections. It do not cause large displacement of
the soil, thus useful where upheaval of the
surrounding ground would damage adjoining
property or where deep penetration is required
through loose or medium dense sands.
 Disadvantage is the tendency to bend on the weak
axis during driving. Results in considerable
curvature if driven in deep penetration. Also has low
resistance to penetration in loose sandy soil.
cont..
Driven – Steel Piles
Box Piles – steel box piles are fabricated by
welding together steel plates or trough section
to form hollow piles capable of carrying very
high compressive uplift or lateral loads.
DRIVEN and CAST –IN- PLACE PILES
 Displacement pile formed by driving a tube with a
closed end either with a plug or loose shoe into the
soil to the required depth or set. A reinforcement and
concrete is filled in the tube. This tube may or may
not be withdrawn.
 Suitable where the length of pile required varies.
 Economically formed in diameter of 300 to 600 mm
and can carry loads of up to 1300kN.
 Required heavy piling rig, open level site and site
where noise is restricted.
cont..
DRIVEN and CAST –IN- PLACE PILES

Franki driven in-situ piles

 BORED and CAST –IN- PLACE PILES
 Is a replacement pile . Pile formed by boring a hole in the
soil, thus removing a column of soil and replace it with
in-situ concrete.
 Suitable to use in sites where piling work to be carried
out close proximity to existing building or where
vibration or noise restricted.
 It is carried out by dropping a heavy cutter to dig into the
ground and then raising and remove the spoil material
which it brings with it.
 Formation of holes can be by :-
percussion bored, or
rotary bored.
ADVANTAGES
 Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground condition.
 Soil remover in boring can be inspection and if necessary
sampled or in situ test made.
 Can be installed in vary large diameter.
 End enlargement up to two or three diameters are possible in
clay.
 Material of piles is not dependent on handing or driving
conditions.
 Can be installed in vary long length.
 Can be installed without appreciable noise or vibration.
 Can be installed in condition of very low head room.
 No risk of ground heave.
DISADVANTAGES
 Susceptible to waisting or necking in squeezing ground.
 Concrete is not places under ideal condition and cannot be
subsequently inspection.
 water under artesian pressure may pipe up pile shaft
washing out cement.
 Enlarge and cannot be formed in cohesionless material.
 cannot be readily extended above ground level especially in
river and marine structures.
 Boring method may loosen sandy and gravelly soils.
 Sinking piles may cause loose of ground in cohesionless
soil, leading to settlement of adjacent structures.
cont..
DRIVEN and CAST –IN- PLACE PILES
Problems normally encountered :-
1. Necking – due to ground water movements washing
away some of the concrete thus reducing the
effective diameter of the pile shaft and
consequently the cover of concrete over the
reinforcement.
2. Ground heave – caused by displacement of the soil
by the drive tube. Can cause tension failure in the
shafts of adjacent piles already driven and in worst
case lifting of the completed piles. However, this
can be minimized by the enlarged base of the piles
in conjunction with reinforcement in the shaft thus
anchoring the piles against uplift.
cont..
Percussion Bored Piles
 Suitable for clay and / or gravel subsoil.
 Diameter from 300 to 950 mm and designed to carry load up to
1500 kN.
 cont..
Percussion Bored Piles

 Steel tube of length 1 to 1.4m screwed together is sunk by

extracting the soil from within the tube liner using
percussion cutters.The tube liner normally sink under its
own weight but can also be driven in with slight pressure
using hydraulic jack.
 When correct depth achieved, a cage of reinforcement is
placed within the liner and then filled it with concrete.
Tamping is carried out as the liner is extracted by using a
winch or hydraulic jack operating against a clamping collar
fixed to the top of the steel tube lining.
 An internal drop hammer can also be used to tamp and
consolidate concrete but usually compressed air is used.
 cont..
Rotary Bored Piles
 Suitable for most cohesive soil e.g. clay.
 Formed using an auger which may be operated in conjunction with
the steel tube liner.
 This auger is normally mounted on a lorry or tractor, raised to the
surface and spun off the helix to the side of the bore hole where the
spoil is removed. If flight auger is used, the spiral motion will
brings the spoil to the surface.
 Factor governing the selection of piles :-
1. Location and type of structure – driven or driven and cast in-place
pile where shell remains in position are most favour for works over
water. Structures on land provide wide choice of types –usually
chosen the cheapest for moderate loading and unhampered site
condition. If proximity of existing structure should choose the types
without giving ground heave, vibration or noise.

2. Ground condition – influence the pile types and techniques.E.g.

driven piles not economical to use in ground condition containing
boulders and where ground heave would be detrimental. Driven
piles preferred for loose water bearing sands or gravels where
compaction due to driving can develop the full potential bearing
capacity of these soils. Steel H-pile gives low ground displacement
suitable where deep penetration require in sand and gravel. Stiff
clay favour for bored and under-reamed types.

3. Durability – in marine condition suitable to use precast concrete

pile, while timber is rejected in such condition.
Type of pile shoe for various ground condition
PILE TESTING
 Objective is to confirm that the
design and information of the
chosen pile type is adequate.
 Test piles are usually overloaded
by at least 50% of the design
working load to near failure or
to actual failure.

Record of driving
resistance of test pile
LOAD TEST
 Any Questions…….

Can you’ll able to :

- Identify setting out works involve in building construction, i.e.,
site clearing, setting out and establish the building datum level.
(CO1)
-identify various types of piles, functions of piles, factors of
selections of piles for piling. (CO1, CO3)

End of Lecture………