STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I

(3 credit unit)

Yoyong Arfiadi
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I
(3 credit unit)
 TOPICS to be covered:
 Introduction: structural analysis, type of structures, load,
supports
 Units, coordinate system (local, global) 2D vector, example
 Static equilibrium and reactions
 Internal forces of plane trusses: axial (normal) forcetension,
compression
 Forces at cable structures
 Internal forces of simple beams: moment, shear forces, normal
forces
 Internal forces of simple frames
 Internal forces of compound beams
 Internal forces of three-hinge arches and frames
 Influence lines
References:
o Cormack, J. M. (1984). Structural analysis. Harper & Row,
Publishers, NY.
o Hibbeler, R (1990). Structural analysis. Macmillan Publishing
Co, NY.
o Kassimali, A. (2015). Structural analysis. Cengage Learning,
Stamford
o Leet, K. M. and Uang, C. M. (2005). Fundamental of structural
analysis. McGraw-Hill, NY.
o Lecture notes
Grading:
a) 30 % tutorial/test + 30% ME + 40 % FE
b) To be determined later
Final grade will be chosen from the best of a) and b)

Notes: ME = Mid Semester Exam

FE = Final Exam

Requirement
 Min. 75 % attendance
 <75% students are not allowed to take the final exam

Notes
 Studenst are required to bring a scientific calculator during
lectures and exam
 +rule
 INTRODUCTION

 Structural analysis: subject that study structural

behavior in resisting load applied on structures

 Engineering mechanics: (mekanika

rekayasa)/mekanika teknik.
Structural types and modeling

Type of structures in civil engineering:

 Buildings
 Bridges
 Roof trusses
 Dams
 Etc.
Preview CAD
In structural analysis, structural behaviors can be
represented by:
 internal forces at members
 Structural deformations
To resist external loading

 In structural analysis, generally, structural elements are

modeled as line elements (preview)
Loads on structures:

Dead Loads:
 gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act
permanently on the structure
 Such loads consist of the weights of the structural system itself and
of all other material and equipment that are permanently attached to
it
 include the weights of frames, floors, roofs, ceilings, walls,
stairways, and all fixed equipment that are built into the structure
such as piping, ducts, air conditioning, and heating equipment
(mechanical electrical systems), and so forth
24
Live loads:
 Gravity loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the
use of the structure
 They include occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction
loads, overhead service cranes, and equipment operating loads
 In general, live loads are caused by gravity
Earthquake loads:

 Many areas of the world fall into ‘‘earthquake territory,’’ and in

those areas it is necessary to consider seismic forces in the
design of all types of structures
 Through the centuries there have been catastrophic failures of
buildings, bridges, and other structures during earthquakes
 Earthquake is dynamic load  time function
 Building codes allow structural engineers to consider
earthquake as static loading
 Earthquake loads are considered as horizontal loading applied
at building floors

 Magnitude of earhquakeload depends on the magnitude on

ground accelerations

V = Cs W
V = Cs W
Wind loads:
 produced by the flow of wind around the structure
 the magnitudes of wind loads depend on
 the geographical location
 obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings,
and the geometry
 the vibrational characteristics of the structure
 wind loads are applied perpendicular to the plane
 Load transfer to structural elements

 Loads on structures are transferred to the structural

elements
 In buildings, gravity loads (dead and live loads) are
supported by floor systems
 Loads on floors are supported by beams and
hereinafter are transferred to columns, and finally
are continued to the foundation

 (preview CAD)
Based on the way of transfer:
 Point load
 Uniform load
 Triangular load
 Trapezoidal load
Concentrated Load
(Beban terpusat)

 Loads applied at the small contact area

 Small contact plane can be assumed as point
 Load from vehicle
 Load from secondary beams to the main beams
 Small contact
area

Vehicle can be assumed as point load on road or

bridge
Triangular load
(Beban segitiga)
 Due to hydrostatic pressure
 Due to load on floors:
 If loads on concrete floor systems are increased, the slab starts
to have crack
 if the load is continuously increased failure
 Forrectangular slab, the crack starts from the corner
forming 45o line crack
 Theformation of crack produce portion of slab that
should be supported by beams
 Theform of slab following the crack that has to be
supported by beams has the form of triangular and
trapezoidal
 h

h γ

Tekanan hidrostatis
merupakan beban segitiga
pada dinding kolam
Secondary beam

column

Main beam
Supported by column
(preview)
 beban segitiga garis luluh plat
kolom pada pembebanan
berlebih

45°
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8

1
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beban trapesium

15

13
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17

14

12
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1

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balok induk balok anak
didukung oleh kolom didukung oleh balok induk
 Types of support

 In civil engineering structures, each structure ha support

 Types of supports:
 Hinge
 Roller
 Fixed
 Vertical load

Horizontal
load

A B
Horizontal
reaction
Vertical
reaction
Vertical
reaction
ROLLER
HINGE

Hinge and roller

Point load Uniform load

Horizontal
recation
Moment

Vertical
reaction

FIXED
 Hinges can resist vertical and horizontal load in hinges
there are vertical as well as horizontal reactions

 For beams supported by hinges  member ends are

free to rotate

 Beams has no restrain against rotations no force at

support to counter the rotation
 Roller can move in the horizontal direction

 Therefore, no retrain against horizontal

movement  no horizontal reaction
 Fixed support can resist horizontal displacement, vertical
displacement, and rotation

At fixed support there are:

 Vertical reaction
 Horizontal reaction
 Moment  to resist the rotation at the end of member
 question?

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