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Kishor S. Trivedi
Visiting Professor
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
What is a Stochastic Process?
Stochastic Process: is a family of random variables
{X(t) | t ε T} (T is an index set; it may be discrete or
continuous)
Values assumed by X(t) are called states.
State space (I): set of all possible states
Sometimes called a random process or a chance
process
Stochastic Process Characterization
At a fixed time t=t1, we have a random variable X(t1).
Similarly, we have X(t2), .., X(tk).
X(t1) can be characterized by its distribution function,
D: Deterministic
Nk
Discrete
Discrete k
Continuous Time, Discrete Space
X(t): Number of jobs in the system at time t. {X(t) | t є T} forms a
continuous-time, discrete-state stochastic process, with,
X(t)
Discrete
Continuous
Discrete Time, Continuous Space
Wk: waiting time for the kth job. Then {Wk | k є T} forms a Discrete-time,
Continuous-state stochastic process, where,
Wk
Continuous
Discrete k
Continuous Time, Continuous Space
Y(t): total service time for all jobs in the system at time t. Y(t) forms a continuous-time,
continuous-state stochastic process, Where,
Y(t)
t
Further Classification
This result says that for a homogeneous continuous time Markov chain, sojourn
time in a state follows EXP( ) distribution ( not true for non-hom CTMC)
Hom. DTMC sojourn time dist. Is geometric.
Semi-Markov process is one in which the sojourn time in a state is generally
distributed.
Bernoulli Process
well
Poisson Process
A continuous time, discrete state process.
N(t): no. of events occurring in time (0, t]. Events may be,
1. # of packets arriving at a router port
2. # of incoming telephone calls at a switch
3. # of jobs arriving at file/compute server
4. Number of component failures
Events occurs successively and that intervals between these
successive events are iid rvs, each following EXP( )
Since,
The uncond. pmf
Generalizing the Poisson Process
Poisson Process
Non-Homogeneous Poisson
Process (NHPP)
Non-Homogeneous Poisson
Process (NHPP)
If the expected number of events per unit time, , changes with
age (time), we have a non-homogeneous Poisson model. We
assume that:
1. If 0 t, the pmf of N(t) is given by:
P N t k m t / k!e m t k 0, 1, 2, ...
k
Operating Restoration
Time
Where:
Failure times T , T , … are mutually independent with a common
1 2
distribution function W
Restoration times D , D , … are mutually independent with a
1 2
common distribution function G
The sequences {T } and {D } are independent
n n
Availability Analysis
Availability: is defined is the ability of a system to
provide the desired service.
If no repair/replacement,Availability(t)=Reliability(t)
If repairs are possible, then above is pessimistic.
MTBF
T1 D1 T2 D2 T3 D3 T4 D4 …….
x t
0 x x+dx t
Renewed life time >= (t-x)
However,
Availability, MTTF and MTTR
Steady state availability A is:
Non-Homogeneous
Continuous Time Semi-Markov
Markov Chain Process
Markov Regenerative
Process