Data Communications

Lecture 02

Course Teacher:
Dr. M. Firoz Mridha
Assistant Professor and Coordinator MCSE
University Of Asia pacific.
 OSI References Model
• International Standards Organization.
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection).
• Reference model: deals with connecting open
systems that are; Open for communication
with other systems.
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Model
TCP/IP and OSI Protocol Architectures
 Lecture 2: Layered Architecture

On completion, the student will be able to:

1. Explain the concepts of Layering
2. Explain the basic principles of the layered Architecture of the
OSI model
3. Explain how information flows in a layered architecture
4. Specify the functions of the seven layers of the OSI model
 Outline of the Lecture
 Why Layered Approach?
 What is Layered Approach?
 Basic Principles of Layered Approach?
 Layers and Interfaces
 Entity and Protocols
 Services and Service Access Points
 Types of Services
 Service primitives
 ISO’s OSI Reference Model
 Functions of different Layers of OSI Model
 Basic Concepts
• For successful communication, two systems must follow a
common set of rules for generating and interpreting messages
• The set of rules to be followed is very complex
• Layered approach provides a viable approach to deal with a
complex problem
• The communication functions are partitioned into a hierarchical
set of layers
 Layered Approach
• A complex problem is divided into a number of pieces of
manageable and comprehensible size
• It provides structured modular approach
• Each module can be developed and tested independently
• Allows easy enhancement and implementation of the functions of
a particular layer without affecting other layers
Some Basic Principles Followed in Layering

• Use optimum number of layers

• Put similar functions in the same layers
• Create a layer where there is need for different levels of
abstraction
• Allow changes of functions to be made within a layer without
affecting others
• Create layer boundaries for each layer with its upper and lower
layers
• Choose layer boundaries to minimize information flow across the
boundaries
 Layers and Interfaces

• System interconnection rules are modularized in terms of a series

of layers of functions, say N layers
• Each layer contains a group of related functions
• A layer below Layer n and a Layer above Layer n are Layer (n+1),
respectively
• Between each pair of adjacent layers there is an interface
 Layers and Interfaces

• Interface defines which primitive services the lower layer offers to

the upper layer
• Layer n provides service to the Layer (n+1) through service access
points
• Each layer adds value to the services provided by lower layers
 Layers and Interfaces
User A User B

Layer N Layer N Protocol Layer N

Layer 2 Layer 2

Layer 1 Layer 1 Protocol Layer 1

Physical Medium
 Entity and Protocol

• Data communication occurs between two entities in different

systems.
• An entity is something which is capable of sending, processing or
receiving information.
• For communication to take place the entities should follow an
agreed upon protocol.
 Entity and Protocol

• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.

• It defines What, How and When
• Syntax: Refers to the structure or format of the data.
• Semantics: The way the bit patterns are interpreted and actions
taken based on the interpretation
• Timing: Specify when data can be sent and how fast it can be sent
Information Flow in a Layered Architecture

• Layer N of one machine will carry on conversation with layer N

of another machine
• Rules and convention used in this conversations are collectively
known as layer N protocol
• List of protocols and that entire thing is known as protocol stack
• Set of layers and protocols in the network is the network
architecture
 Architecture

• What is Architecture?
• Architecture is a set of rules and conventions necessary for
building something
• It does not specify implementation details
• It is a model - a framework of standard
• A standard based on which something can be implemented
 Services

• Connection-Oriented: Modeled after telephone system

• Connection-Less: Modeled after Postal System

 Services

• Quality of Service

 Confirmed

 Unconfirmed
 Service

• Examples:
• Sequence of Pages
• Remote Log-in
• Digitized Voice
• Electric Junk Mail
• Registered Mail
• Data Base Enquiry
 Service Primitives

• Connect Request – request a connection to be established

• Connect Indication – Signal the called party
• Connect Response – Used by the caller to accept/reject calls
• Connect Confirm – tell the caller whether the call was accepted
 Service Primitives

• Data Request – request the data to be sent

• Data Indication – Signal the arrival of data
• Disconnect Request – request the connection to be released
• Disconnect Indication – signal the peer about the request