SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LONGOWAL

(Deemed-to-be-University)
ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN Subject code:

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING PCIE-825
(THERMAL IMAGING)
(Applications, diagnosis,treatment,
benefits and limitations)
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Karminder Singh Sunil Kumar
Pgice/1950104 Assistant professor (EIE Department,SLIET)
 INTRODUCTION

• Medical imaging is the process of creating visual pictures

of inside the body for diagnostic and treatment process.
• Most medical issues are occurred inside the body, so
making a diagnosis can be a challenge. So imaging
techniques which can be used in order to detect these
areas for making treatment easier.
CHAPTER 1

IMAGING TECHNIQUES
 IMAGING TECHNIQUES

•Radiography
•Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
•Magnectic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
•Ultrasonography
•Nuclear Medicine Including PET(Positron Emission Tomography)
•Medical Termography
•Endoscopy
•Thermal imaging
HISTORY OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Picture
reference:
Imaging
techniques
slideshare.net
 RADIOGRAPHY

•Radiography uses electromagnetic radiation to take images of the inside of the

body. The most well-known and common form of radiography is X-ray discovered by
Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895.
•X-rays range
5pm-100pm(hard)
100pm-10nm (soft)
•For this procedure, an X-ray machine beams high energy waves onto the body. The
soft tissues such as skin & organs don’t absorb these waves, whereas hard tissues
like bones do absorb the waves. The machine transfers the result of the X-ray onto a
film, showing the parts of the body that absorbed the waves (the bones) in white
and leaving the unabsorbed materials in black.
RADIOGRAPHY (..continued)

Picture
reference:
Imaging
techniques
slideshare.net
RADIOGRAPHY (.. Continued)

Picture
reference:
Radiography
SlideShare.net
RADIOGRAPHY (.. Continued)

Characteristics
• Film images
• Digital images
• Invasive examination
• Limited quality
• Low euipment price
• Mobility
RADIOGRAPHY (.. Continued)

Applications
• Orthopedics
• Pulmonology
• Dentistry
Diognosis
• Breast cancer(mammography)
• Osteoporosis (Analysis of wrist radiograms)
 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI)

• MRI involves radio waves and magnetic field to look at the

organs other structures in the body.
• The procedure requires an MRI scanner, which is simply
put, a large tube that contains a massive circular magnet.
This magnet creates a powerful magnetic field that aligns
the protons of hydrogen atoms in the body. Those protons
are then exposed to radio waves, causing the protons to
rotate relax and realign themselves, emitting radio waves
in the recovery process that can be detected by the
machine to create an image.
MRI(.. Continued)

Picture
reference:
MRI
Slideshare.net
MRI(.. Continued)

Picture
reference:
MRI
Slideshare.net
MRI(.. Continued)

Characteristics
• Effective for soft tissues
• Functional tomography (BOLD)
• MR angiography
• Very good image quality
• Non-invasive examination
• High equipment price
MRI(.. Continued)

Applications
• Neurology
• Angiography
• Gastroenterology
Diagonsis
• Brain tumors
• Abdomen organs
• Osteoporosis
 NUCLEAR MEDICINE

• Nuclear medicine is a rather general term that involves any

medical use of radioactive materials. But in terms of
Imaging, it usually refers to the use of radioactive tracers,
which are radioactive materials that are injected or
swallowed so that they can travel through the digestive or
circulatory system.
• The radiation produced by the material can then be
detected to create an image of those systems.
NUCLEAR MEDICINE (.. Continued)

Picture reference:
wikipedia
NUCLEAR MEDICINE (.. Continued)

Characteristics
• Different approaches (PET, SPECT,
SCINTIGRAPHY) analysis of molecular changes
• Often together with CT Scan
• Short examination time (limited by half-life
disintegration of radiosotope)
• Invasive examination
• Higher euipment price
NUCLEAR MEDICINE (.. Continued)

Applications
• Almost all medical specialists
Diagnosis
• Huntington
• Alzheimer
• Parkinson disease
• Early stage tumor detection
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)

• Highest sensitive in tumor detection

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
 ULTRASOUND

• Ultrasound utilizes high frequency sound waves,

which are reflected off times to create images of
organs, muscles, joints, and other soft tissues.
• It is kind of like shining a light on the inside of the
body, except that this light travels through the skin
layers and can only be viewed using electronic
sensors.
ULTRASOUND (.. Continued)

Picture reference:
www.google.com
ULTRASOUND (.. Continued)

Characteristics
• Low image quality
• Difficult for interpretation
• Blood flow examination (Doppler effect USG)
• Non-invasive examination
• Low equipment price
• Mobility
ULTRASOUND (.. Continued)

Applications
• Cardiology
• Ginecology & obstetrics
• Urology
• Gastrology
Diagnosis
• Prostate, urinary bladder
• Uterus
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCAN)

• Cross section images (not a projection)

• Not applicable for soft tissues
• Very good image quality
• Invasive examination
• High equipment
CT SCAN(.. Continued)

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCAN)
(.. Continued)

Applications
•Neurology
•Cardiology
•Pulmonology
•Gastroenterology
Diagnosis
•Brain tumor
•Kidney, liver
•Lung diseases
ENDOSCOPY

• Optical images of internal organs

• Additional surgical intervention
(laparoscopy)
• Endoscopic capsules
• Image processing is necessary
• Invasive examination
• High equipment price
ENDOSCOPY (.. Continued)

Picture reference:
Wikipedia
ENDOSCOPY (.. Continued)

Applications
•Gastrointestinal tract (stomach, intestine,colon)
•Respiratory tract
•Urinary tract
Laparascopy
Removal of the gall bladder
 RECENT ADVANCES
PET+MRI

• Imaging device that simultaneously performs

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) scans, producing more
detailed images than either techniques alone and
thus providing extended diagnostic information.
PET+MRI(.. Continued)

Picture reference:
www.google.com
BENEFITS OF THESE IMAGING TECHNIQUES

• Each technique is used in different circumstances. For example,

Radiography is often used when we want images of bone structures to
look for breakage.
• MRI scan are often used to take images of the brain or often internal
tissues, particularly when high-resolution images are needed.
• Nuclear medicine is used when you need to look inside the digestive
or circulatory systems, such as to look for blockages.
• Ultrasound is used to look at fetuses in the womb and absorbing the
development is going properly or not and also to take images of
internal organs when high resolution is not required.
CHAPTER 2

THERMAL IMAGING
 THERMAL IMAGING

• INTRODUCTION
Thermal imaging is the technique of using the heat given off
by an object to produce an image of it or to locate it
First developed for military purposes in the late 1950s and
1960s by Texas Instruments, Hughes Aircraft and Honeywell
In recent times it is being used in firefighting, law
enforcement, industrial applications, security,
transportation, medical and many other industries
 THERMAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE

• It is the technique of using the heat given off by an object

to produce an image of it .
• Works in environments without any ambient light and can
penetrate obscurants such as smoke, fog and haze.
• Normally grey scale in nature: black objects are cold,
white objects are hot and the depth of grey indicates
variations between the two.
• Some thermal cameras, however, add color to images to
help users identify objects at different temperatures.
THERMAL IMAGING COLOUR
THERMAL IMAGING COLOUR (.. Continued)

Picture reference:
Thermal imaging
SlideShare.net
THERMAL IMAGING (.. Continued)

Picture reference:
Thermal imaging
SlideShare.net
MEDICAL THERMOGRAPHY (.. Continued)

Picture
reference:
Thermography
SlideShare.net
TYPES OF THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS
THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
MEDICAL THERMOGRAPHY

• Low image quality

• Complementary procedure to other
diagnostic modalities
• Non-invasive examination
• Low equipment price
• Mobility
 APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL IMAGING

• Corona virus(COVID-19)
• Building envelope inspections and energy losses in
buildings
• Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care
• Night vision
• Condition monitoring
• Process control
APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL IMAGING

• Nondestructive testing
• Surveillance in security, law enforcement
• Defense
• Chemical imaging
• Volcanology
 APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD INDUSTRY

• Potential use of thermal imaging in agriculture and food

industry includes:
• Predicting water stress in crops
• Planning irrigation scheduling
• Disease and pathogen detection in plants
• Predicting fruit yield
• Evaluating the maturing of fruits
• Bruise detection in fruits and vegetables
• Detection of foreign bodies in food material
• Temperature distribution during cooking
APPLICATIONS IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
 THERMAL IMAGING IN BORDER SECURITY

• Due to their ability to detect man sized targets at extremely long

distances ,in total darkness and in extreme weather conditions
thermal imaging cameras are extremely suited for border
surveillance.
• Generally, cooled cameras are used in border security
applications as they provide a longer range performance than un-
cooled detector
• If the terrain is e.g. mountainous and does not permit seeing
over a distance of 20 kilometers, un-cooled thermal imaging
cameras can be used for border security as well
• Thermal imaging cameras can be integrated with radar systems
THERMAL IMAGING IN BORDER SECURITY

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
 SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT APPLICATION

• Thermal image of a parking area in which a person is

trying to hide behind a car Thermal image taken
during a search and rescue operation
SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT APPLICATION

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
 NIGHT VISION APPLICATION

• Thermal imaging cameras are excellent tools for night

vision.
• They detect thermal radiation and do not need a source
of illumination.
• They produce an image in the darkest of nights and can
see through light fog, rain and smoke.
• Thermal imaging cameras are widely used to
complement new or existing security networks, and for
night vision on aircraft, where they are commonly
referred to as "FLIR" (for "forward-looking infrared".)
 APPLICATION IN MEDICINE

•Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI) is a diagnostic technique that

is non-invasive and involves no exposure to radiation
• The main areas in which this technique is used are:
•Early detection of breast cancer
•Monitoring changes in overall health
•Monitoring healing processes
• Disease and Virus Monitoring
•Fever Screening (i.e. H1N1, SARS)
APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE

• The different types of screening procedures used are:

• Full Body Screening
• Screening a particular region to identify and monitor
localized conditions such as thyroid
• Mass Screening, in areas such as airports, to monitor the
potential spread of viruses such as H1N1 (Swine Flu) by
identifying fever symptoms in specific individuals
 EVALUATION OF SOLAR PANELS

• With a thermal imaging camera, potential problem areas of

solar panels can be detected and repaired before actual
problems or failures occur
• Anomalies on panels can clearly be seen on thermal image
and thermal cameras can be used to scan installed solar
panels during normal operation.
• Un-cooled thermal imaging cameras used for solar panel
quality controls before installation and for maintenance after
the panel has been installed. Red spots indicate modules that
are hotter indicating faulty circuit
EVALUATION OF SOLAR PANELS

Picture reference:
www.flir.com
 APPLICATION IN WEATHER FORECASTING

• Satellites mounted with thermal imaging cameras are being used

to determine weather patterns on earth.
• They are used to track dangerous weather conditions, raining
patterns, heat waves and solar activity.
• Thermal imaging helps in making accurate weather forecasts
revealing a range of information like the formation and swirling
motion of clouds, sea surface temperature, moisture profile of
the atmosphere and the movement of smoke plumes from
wildfires.
• Thermal image of the Sahara desert
APPLICATIONS IN WEATHER FORECASTING

Picture reference:
www.flir.com
 APPLICATION IN BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS

• Thermal cameras show exactly where the problems are quickly and help
detecting energy waste, moisture and electrical issues in buildings
• Thermal imaging is used for maintenance of electrical, mechanical, and
structural systems, to detect problems, prevent downtime, guide
corrective action, and increase work safety
• Using thermal imagers it's easy to scan an entire building to detect
building envelope, and plumbing issues, presence of moisture in building
envelopes, either from leakage or condensation and water damage
APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS

Picture reference:
SlideShare.net
 ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL IMAGING

• Non-invasive and non-destructive hence can be used to

survey whilst the plant and equipment is running, in
production and on load
• Produces fast, accurate and immediate temperature
measurement and helps in fault detection
• Cameras are easy to install and surveys can be performed
at a convenient time
• Is capable of catching moving targets in real time and in
low light conditions
 ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL IMAGING(..CONTINUED)

• Can be used to measure or observe subjects in areas

inaccessible or hazardous for other methods
• Can help in identifying air leakages, documenting irregular
heat dispersion and identifying possible irregularities in
insulation
• Cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of
ambient light
LIMITATIONS OF THERMAL IMAGING

• Quality cameras are expensive (often US$ 3,000 or more),

cheaper are only 40x40 up to 120x120 pixels
• Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon
certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures
• Accurate temperature measurements are hindered by differing
emissivities and reflections from other surfaces
• Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of
temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods
LIMITATIONS (.. Continued)

• Only able to directly detect surface temperatures

• Thermal imaging cameras cannot be used to see
objects under water
• Because thermal energy can be reflected off shiny
surfaces, thermal imaging cameras cannot see through
glass
• Also thermal imaging cameras cannot see through walls
REFERENCES

• www.slideshare.net
• www.google.com
• www.ebme.com
• www.powershow.com
• www.flir.com
• www.nbcnews.com
• www.slideplayer.com
REFERENCES (.. Continued)

• environment.nationalgeographic.com
• www.ttsa.com
• www.decentenergy.com
• En.wikipaedia.org
• www.physicsforum.com
• Ieeexplorer.ieee.org
• www.pr-infrared.com
THANKU