DEVELOPMENT CLASS

BLUEPRINT READING

Presentation

By

Er. M. Kannan

Mr. Raunak Gupta

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 BLUEPRINT READING
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. READING TITLE BLOCK

3. ALPHABET OF LINES

4. SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY

5. NOTES

6. LIMITS,FITS AND TOLERANCES

7. SURFACE ROUGHNESS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 BLUEPRINT READING
INTRODUCTION

• Blueprint is the language of Industry and engineering.

• In many ways, learning to read blueprints is the same as learning to

read any verbal language

• Blueprint is the common name of the copies taken from an original

drawing usually drawing on a trace paper; the name has nothing to do
with the colour of prints.

• For Blueprint reading, one must have a thorough knowledge of the

principles of drawing and orthographic projections, and also of various
processes.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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READING TITLE BLOCK

• While reading blueprints it is necessary to read the details from its title
block.

• The details such as projection method, scale, tolerance, Surface

roughness etc. can be easily obtained from title block.

• After obtaining the above details we can interpret the different principal
views.

• We can also obtain the details like Bill of Materials, Revision Panel etc.
from the title block.

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 BLUEPRINT READING
ALPHABET OF LINES

• The ability to read and interpret drawings and blueprints depends on

the ability to recognize the different types of lines used in making the
drawings, and to understand how these lines describe the object or
parts represented.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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APPLICATION OF LINES

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY

• In addition to lines, information on blueprints is often provided by a

variety of standard symbols and terminology. These terms and
symbols eliminate the need for drawing each item in painstaking detail.

• These symbols and terminology represents the different materials and

machine components being used in drawing.

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT MACHINE COMPONENTS

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NOTES

• Notes are the important feature of blueprints.

• Notes represents the information about the parts drawn and the
machining process being done in that part.

• Notes should always be written horizontally in capital letters and

begin above the leader line and may end below also. Further, notes
should be brief and clear and the wording should be standard in
form.

• The standard forms of notes and the method of indication, for typical
cases is shown in following fig.

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METHOD OF INDICATING NOTES

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MEANING OF NOTES

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LIMIT, FITS AND TOLERANCES

• The manufacture of interchangeable parts require precision.

Precision is the degree of accuracy to ensure the functioning of a
part as intended. However, experience shows that it is impossible
to make parts economically to the exact dimensions. This may be
due to,
(i) inaccuracies of machines and tools,
(ii) inaccuracies in setting the work to the tool, and
(iii) error in measurement, etc.
• The workman, therefore, has to be given some allowable margin
so that he can produce a part, the dimensions of which will lie
between two acceptable limits, a maximum and a minimum.
• The system in which a variation is accepted is called the limit
system and the allowable deviations are called tolerances. The
relationships between the mating parts are called fits.
• The study of limits, tolerances and fits is a must for technologists
involved in production. The same must be reflected on production
drawing, for guiding the craftsman on the shop floor.

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LIMIT, FITS AND TOLERANCES

LIMIT SYSYTEM
Following are some of the terms used in limit system;

• Tolerance
• Limits
• Deviation
• Actual deviation
• Upper deviation
• Lower deviation
• Allowance
• Basic size
• Design size
• Actual size

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LIMIT, FITS AND TOLERANCES

Diagram illustrating basic size deviations and tolerances

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LIMIT, FITS AND TOLERANCES

TOLERANCES
Degree of accuracy expected of manufacturing process

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LIMIT, FITS AND TOLERANCES

TOLERANCES
 • The fundamental tolerance is a function of the nominal size and its
unit is given by the empirical relation, standard tolerance unit,
i = 0.45 × + 0.001 D
where i is in microns and D is the geometrical mean of the limiting
values of the basic steps.
• This relation is valid for grades 5 to 16 and nominal sizes from 3 to
500 mm. For grades below 5 and for sizes above 500 mm, there are
other empirical relations for which it is advised to refer IS: 1919–
1963.

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LIMIT, FITS AND TOLERANCES

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FORMULAE FOR CALCULATING FUNDAMENTAL SHAFT DEVIATIONS

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FITS

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TYPES OF FITS WITH SYMBOLS AND APPLICATION

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INDICATION OF FEATURE CONTROLLED

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STANDARDS FOLLOWED IN INDUSTRY

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SURFACE ROUGHNESS

The geometrical characteristics of a surface include,

1. Macro-deviations,
2. Surface waviness, and
3. Micro-irregularities.

TERMINOLOGIES

1. ACTUAL PROFILE, AF
2. REFERENCE PROFILE, RF
3. DATUM PROFILE, DF
4. MEAN PROFILE, MF
5. PEAK TO VALLEY HEIGHT, RT
6. MEAN ROUGHNESS INDEX, RA
7. SURFACE ROUGHNESS NUMBER

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SURFACE ROUGHNESS

The surface roughness may be measured, using any one of the

following:

1. Straight edge
2. Surface gauge
3. Optical flat
4. Tool maker’s microscope
5. Profilometer
6. Profilograph
7. Talysurf

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SURFACE ROUGHNESS EXPECTED FROM VARIOUS
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

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THANK
YOU

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