Presentation

On
Process Capability

Presented By

Mr. Raunak Gupta

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 Variation – An Industrial Epidemic
The examples of process variation in industry can be;
1. Variation present in the luminous intensity of same Lighting product (such as CFL, LED etc.) of similar
wattage.
2. Variation present in the cylinder diameters produced in the Automobile Industries.
3. Variation present in the time of troubleshooting / resolution of any problem in any industry.
There are many more examples to process variation in the industry because it is so widespread in the industry
that it can likened to an epidemic.

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 Variation – An Industrial Epidemic

The Old Approach to Quality

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 Variation – An Industrial Epidemic

The New Approach to Quality

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 Variation – An Industrial Epidemic

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 Variation – An Industrial Epidemic

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 Variation – An Industrial Epidemic
The variation in a process can be due to following reasons;
Chance Causes: The variability due to these causes is built into the system.
1. Variation present in every process
2. Not controllable
3. The best the process can be within the present technology
Assignable Causes: The variability due to these causes occurs because some element of the system or some
operating condition is out of control.
1. Outside influences
2. Black noise
3. Potentially controllable
4. How the process is actually performing over time

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 Process Capability Analysis
• It can be defined as the ability of a process in order to satisfy the customer requirements. Mathematically,
process capability can be defined as the ratio of the specification width to the process width. The various
index representing the various aspects related to the calculation of process capability are Cp, Cpk, Pp, and
Ppk. These terms are being defined as below {According to Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG),
1995b};
• Cp, The capability index, defined as the specification width divided by the process performance, irrespective
of process centering.
• Cpk, The capability index, which accounts for non-centering of the process. It relates the scaled distance
between the process mean and the closest specification limit to half the total process spread.

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 Process Capability Analysis
• Pp, The performance index, defined as the specification width divided by the process performance,
irrespective of process centering. Typically, it is expressed as the tolerance width divided by six times the
sample standard deviation.
• Ppk, The performance index, which accounts for non-centering of the process.

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 Process Capability Analysis
• The process capability indexes Cp and Cpk are used to assess the potential process capability. Potential
capability can be defined as, what could be achieved, if process shifts and drifts were eliminated. Potential
capability is the estimate for short term capability.

• While the process capability indexes Pp and Ppk are used to assess the actual process capability. Actual
capability of a process is what the customer experiences. Actual capability is the estimate for long term
capability. Actual capability indexes (Pp and Ppk) are the real measure of the process. They defines, what the
process could deliver in long term.

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 Process Capability Analysis
• The measurement of these capability indexes can be done with the help of following formulas;

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝐶𝑝 =
6 × 𝜎

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝑝 =
6 × 𝑠

𝐶𝑝𝑘 = 1 − 𝑘 𝐶𝑝

𝑃𝑝𝑘 = 1 − 𝑘 𝑃𝑝

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 Process Capability Analysis
• Where, the various terms σ, s and k are the representations for standard deviation (potential), standard
deviation (actual), and correction factor respectively and mathematically given by;

𝑁
1
𝑠= ෍(𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)2
𝑁 −1
1

𝑅ത
𝜎=
𝑑2

|𝐷 − 𝜇|
𝑘=
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ/2

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 Process Capability Analysis
Where,
N = Number of samples
Xi = Value of each sample
μ = Mean of the samples
𝑅ത = Mean of subgroup range values
D = Design center
The value of d2 can be obtained from the standard tables for the factors for constructing variables control charts
available in various books related to the theory and applications of six sigma.

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 Thank
You
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