Medieval/Middle Ages

Medieval
from the root word:
medi -meaning “middle” 
ev -meaning “age”
medieval - literally means
"of the Middle Ages"
 Middle Ages
In this case, middle means "between
the Roman empire and the
Renaissance"—that is, after the fall
of the great Roman state and before
the "rebirth" of culture that we call
the Renaissance.
 Medieval/Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle
Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from
the 5th to the 15th century. It began
with the fall of the Western Roman
Empire and merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.
Printing
Press
 Printing
 Press
Machine by which text and images are transferred
to paper or other media by means of ink.
 Although movable type, as well as paper, first
appeared in China, it was in Europe that printing
 first became mechanized.
 The earliest mention of a printing press is in a
lawsuit in Strasbourg in 1439 revealing
construction of a press for Johannes Gutenberg
 and his associates.
 Printing
 While printing technology had been
Press
developed in 11th century China, it was the
15th century German Johannes Gutenberg
and his printing press that started a new era
of the mass production of books.
 Until the rise of computers in the 20th
century, books and the printed word would
remain the dominant form of media for the
world’s knowledge.
Johannes Gutenberg
 Printing
Qualities : Press
A device for applying pressure to an ink
surface resting upon a print medium
The first movable typed printing press
Wooden machine that extracted juices
from fruits were utilized
It is huge and bulky
 Printing
Strengths: Press
 It is efficient than woodblock
printing
 The metal typed was more durable
and lettering was more uniform
 It was one of the key factor fostering
the Renaissance
 Printing
Strengths: Press
 Books could be produced in greater
number
 It opened lines of communication
throughout the world
 It is the basis of modern digital
printers
 Printing
Weaknesses: Press
 Pollution issues arouse due to toxic
ink and bleaches
 Most people couldn’t read during the
time it was invented
 It was painstaking and time-
consuming labor
Microscop
e
 Microscop
e
A microscope is any
instrument that enables
you to see objects that are
otherwise too small to be
seen by the naked eye
 Microscop
 To develop
e proper medicine for
illness, experts must understand the
sickness through an investigation.
 Thus, they needed a device that could
magnify things in visible to the eye.
 Zacharias Jansenn was able to develop
the first compound microscope.
Zacharias Janssen
 Microscop
Qualities : e
It is portable
It uses natural light
It uses several lenses to enhance the
magnification of an object
Had a magnification that could be
adjusted between 3x and 9x
 Microscop
Strengths : e
 It could magnify things invisible to the eye such
as living organisms
 It was the key in discovering new means in
preventing and curing illnesses
 There’s new special and necessary for its
operation
 It doesn’t have many unnecessary or excessive
components
 Microscop
Weaknessese:
It has low resolution
It cannot be used without the
natural light
Adjustment and magnification
could be time-consuming
Telescop
e  A telescope is an 
optical instrument that makes
distant objects appear
magnified by using an
arrangement of lenses or curved
mirrors and lenses, or various
devices used to observe distant
objects by their emission,
absorption, or reflection of
electromagnetic radiation.
 Telescop
e
 Early telescopes looked similar. The first
telescopes consisted of long tubes with one or
several cylindrical sections. The tube could be
made of tin, lead, cardboard, and wood held
together by copper, cloth, or leather ties and/or
glue. Polished lenses and mirrors were placed
inside the tubes to magnify images and reflect
light.
 Telescop
 e traces back to early makers
The telescope
of eyeglasses and lenses. In the 1400s,
glasses were used widely across Europe.
These lenses were not powerful, not
polished, and not clear. Due to their
imperfections, they were not useful for
astronomic observation.
Galileo Galilei made a microscope
by converting one of his telescopes.
 Telescop
Qualities : e
 It could magnify objects 20 times or more
 It helps the sea captain to see far and
wide
 It dominated astronomy during the
middle age
 Lower maintenance, no periodic
realignment required
 Telescop
Weaknessese:
It was hard to shape the
lenses perfectly
It is prone to geometric
distortion and false color
War
Weapons
 War
Weapons
 There are a number of different weapons a medieval
soldier could use in battle. While there are a large
number of weapons, they can be broken down into a few
broad categories.
 A lot of these weapons had different heads and different
shaft lengths. Many polearm weapons (weapons with
long handles), such as a poleaxe or war hammer, would
be similar to the same weapon with a shorter handle.
 For example, a battle axe and a pole axe were basically
the same thing except for the length of the handle.
Swords A fast-moving weapon that
could stab as well as slice,
the sword delivered the
most damage for least
effort. It allowed the
development of a
sophisticated form of
martial art, granting fame
to expert swordsmen and
inspiring fighting manuals
Spears Spear is one of the type of
weapons that was used by feudal
armies during the Middle Ages.
All men in The Middle Ages were
expected to know how to fight.
They were expected to be readily
available when called to fight for
the king. Their lives were
organized and structured to
have military
training incorporated in their
daily lives.
Crossbows The crossbow was similar to a
bow but was horizontal. It had a
trigger and took only minimal
skill or strength to fire. It used a
mechanical device to draw back
the crossbow string so the
crossbow delivered its arrows (or
bolts) with much more force.
They were not as accurate as a
longbow but were much easier to
use. Crossbowmen needed very
little training.
Maces Maces had a blunt, heavy
head on the end of a shaft.
The head was typically made
of stone, iron, bronze or steel
and the shaft of the mace was
either wood or metal. The
shaft of the mace could be
short or long (up to 1.5 meters
long).
Maces were mainly used by
foot soldiers but could also be
used from horseback.
Hand Canon Hand cannons were the first
firearms that were effective.
They had a range of around 50
to 300 meters. The hand
cannon could be carried by
one person but it needed two
or more soldiers to make it
work. The cannon had to be
loaded, aimed and the fired by
lighting the gunpowder in a
small hole in the side of the
cannon.
Flail A flail could be used to
attack around or over an
opponent’s shield with
was a good advantage but
the flail was not very
good for close-up combat
since the soldier couldn’t
swing it well enough in
close quarters.
END…
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