CHEMISTRY

SCIENCE DEALING
OF MATTER
WITH
/ SUBSTANCE

PROPERTIES
STRUCTURES

REACTIONS
. . . of matter
WHAT IS MATTER / SUBSTANCE ?
EVERYTHING WHICH HAS MASS & VOLUME
 CLASSIFICATION of Substance
SUBSTANCE

separated by physical process?

No Yes

pure substance mixture

separated by homogeneous?
chemical process?

No Yes No Yes

ELEMENT COMPOUND HETEROGENEOUS SOLUTION

MIXTURE
WHAT CONSTITUTE MATTER ?
Leukippos (+ 475 BC)
Demokritos (460-380 BC)

All matter was regarded as

composed of indivisible and
indestructible particles (atoms)
which differed from each other
in shape, weight, relative
position, and orientation but did
not differ internally

atomistic (a, not; tomos, divisible) theory

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

All matter was indefinitely

divisible and composed of the
four elements, which are fire
(hot and dry), air (hot and wet),
water (cold and wet), and earth
(cold and dry)
John Dalton (1808)

1. Every element consists of tiny, indivisible,

and indestructible particles called atoms

2. Atoms of a particular element have same size

and properties
3. Differences in the element properties are due to
differences in the atoms of the elements
4. Atoms of the elements combined in a
compound are combined in a definite ratio
5. Chemical reaction is the result of
rearrangement, combination, or separation of
atoms.
WHAT IS THE
STRUCTURE OF ATOM?
Thomson (1897)
(by the discovery of electron) atom is a
sphere of positive charge in which the
negative electrons were embedded like
raisins in a pudding
(raisin plum pudding model)

- -
-
-
- - -
-
- - -
-
Rutherford (1911)
(by experiment of thin sheet of gold foil or
alpha particle bombardment) atom as
having a dense, positively charged nucleus
surrounded by electrons that orbit the
nucleus
(planetary model)

+ -
Failure on Rutherford’s atomic model:

Rutherford could not explain why

the electron surrounds the nucleus
in a stable orbits and do not fall
onto the nucleus

+ -
Bohr (1913)
(by observing the spectrum of hydrogen
atom) an electron moves around the
nucleus, as described by Rutherford, in an
orbit having definite energy

380 nm 760 nm

Spectrum of sunlight (continuous)

Spectrum of hydrogen atom (discrete)

Bohr (1913)
BOHR'S POSTULATE

1. Hydrogen atom consists of nucleus containing one proton

(positively charged) and one electron (negatively charged)
surrounding the nucleus in a circular orbit
2. Not any circular orbit allowed for the electron. The only allowed
orbits are those resulting in electron’s angular momentum given by:
mvr = (nh)/(2)
3. Because the angular momentum of an orbit has a limited value,
then the electron’s energy in an orbit is limited. As long as the
electron surrounds the nucleus in a particular orbit, the electron
does not absorb or release energy
4. Electron could move from one orbit to another by absorbing or
releasing energy
BOHR'S ATOMIC MODEL

- + - -
Failure on Bohr’s atomic model:

Bohr's idea can not explain the splitting of

spectral line into two or more lines having
different frequencies when the light source
(atom) is placed in a magnetic field
(Zeeman effect)
Wave mechanics atomic model (1926)

Photoelectric effect Light refraction

Blackbody radiation Light diffraction
Light interference

particle character of light wave character of light

dual wave-particle character of light

de Broglie's hypothesis
de Broglie's hypothesis

A moving particle having mass of m

and velocity of v always accompanied
by wave of wavelength:
 = h / (m v)

Electron in atom has wave properties

Electron‘s behavior should be explained by

Wave Mechanics

Wave Mechanics Atomic Model

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

It is not possible to specify the

momentum and position of a particle
simultaneously with unlimited precision

p x ≥ h
 Schrödinger's Wave Equation
for hydrogen atom

- (h2/ (82m)) 2 + V = E

 = wave function (almost all of the electron behaviors in the
atom could be explained, except its position in regions
surrounding the nucleus at a particular time)
(x) = A sin kx

It is not possible to specify the position of electron in the region at a

definite time

2 = probability of finding electron in various regions surrounding the

nucleus

Orbital
Orbital
a region of space in which there is a high
probability of finding the electron, that is the region
of space in which an electron occupying that orbital
is likely to spend most of its time
 contains 3 quantum numbers

n = principal quantum number = 1, 2, 3, ...

l = azimuthal quantum number = 0, 1, 2, ..., (n-1)

ml = magnetic quantum number = -l, -l+1, ..., -1, 0, +1, ..., l +1­, l
for each l
Exercise

Find l and ml for n = 3

Answer : n = 3
l = 0, 1, and 2

for l = 0 ml = 0

for l = 1 ml = -1, 0, +1

for l = 2 ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

Relationship between orbital and quantum number

• n is related to the size of the orbital

• l is related to the shape of the orbital
• ml is related to the orientation of the orbital in space
 Relationship between orbital and quantum number

l is related to the shape of the orbital

l=0 s orbital
l=1 p orbital
l=2 d orbital
l=3 f orbital
 Relationship between orbital and quantum number

n is related to the size of the orbital

n=2

n=3
 Relationship between orbital and quantum number

ml is related to the orientation of the orbital in space

ml = -1, 0, +1 3 orientations : px, py, and pz

n=1 n=2

l=0 l=0 s orbital

s orbital ml = 0

just 1 orientation

ml = 0 and

just 1 orientation

l=1 p orbital

ml = -1, 0, +1 3 orientations
px, py, and pz
The fourth quantum number:

spin quantum number, ms

• spin direction of electron which surrounds the nucleus

• denoted by up (↑) and down (↓ ) arrow

or
+ ½ and – ½
Electronic configuration of the element

Rules for arranging electrons in orbital:

• Aufbau principle
orbitals are filled in order with the electrons available,
starting with the orbital of lowest energy

• Pauli exclusion principle

each orbital may hold at most two electrons,
which must have opposite spin

• Hund’s rule
the order of filling degenerate orbitals is such that
as many electrons remain unpaired as possible
The order of orbital energy in an atom
It is impossible to memorize the order of orbital energy for each element !!

1s

2s 2p
use MNEMONIC to simplify
3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d

7s 7p

8s

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s
Example : electronic configuration of 15P 15 electrons

3d

3p ↑ ↑ ↑

15P : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

3s ↑↓

or
2p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

15 P : [Ne] 3s2 3p3

2s ↑↓

1s ↑↓
Exercise

Write the electronic configuration of 7N

 TUGAS

1 Energi ionisasi hidrogen adalah 13,6 eV. Berapa selisih energi antara tingkat
energi n = 1 dan n = 2 ?

2 Energi ionisasi kedua dari beberapa unsur periode 4 adalah:

Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn

11,87 12,80 13,58 14,15 16,50 15,64 eV

Tentukan dari orbital mana terjadi ionisasi dan jelaskan trend nilai-nilai di atas.

3 Tuliskan konfigurasi elektron ‘ground state’ dari : (a) C, (b) F, (c) Ca, (d) Ga 3+, (e)
Pb+ .

4 Hitung energi radiasi yang memiliki panjang gelombang 6000 Å

5 Jika suatu radiasi dengan panjang gelombang 58,4 nm yang berasal dari lampu
helium diarahkan ke sampel yang mengandung unsur Kr, maka elektron terlempar
dari kripton denga kecepatan 1,59 x 106 m/s. Jika radiasi yang sama diarahkan ke
unsur Rb maka elektron yang terlempar memiliki kecepatan 2,45 x 10 6 m/s.
Hitung energi ionisasi (dalam eV) unsur Kr dan Rb tersebut.