COMPLEX

ANALYSIS
Section 6: Series and Residues

Lecturer: Dashti A. ALi

2014 - 2015
 Outline

 Sequences and Series

 Taylor Series
 Laurent Series
 Zeros and Poles
 Residues and Residue Theorem

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 2
 Outline

 Sequences and Series

 Taylor Series
 Laurent Series
 Zeros and Poles
 Residues and Residue Theorem

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 3
 Sequences and Series
 
Sequences
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers and
whose range is a subset of the complex numbers . In other words, to each
integer we assign a single complex number .
. For example, the sequence is

Thus,

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 4
 Sequences and Series
 
Series
An infinite series or series of complex numbers is the infinite sums of the
terms of a sequence which can be written as follows:

A series is convergent if the sequence of partial sums {Sn}, where

converges. If as , we say that the series converges to or that

the sum of the series is .

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 5
 Sequences and Series
 
For example:
Geometric Series: A geometric series is any series of the form

for the sum of a geometric series is :

A geometric series diverges when .

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 6
 Sequences and Series
 
Power Series: An infinite series of the form

where the coefficients are complex constants, is called a power series in .

The power series is said to be centered at ; the complex point is referred to as
the center of the series. It is also convenient to define even when .

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 7
 Outline

 Sequences and Series

 Taylor Series
 Laurent Series
 Zeros and Poles
 Residues and Residue Theorem

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 8
 Taylor Series
 
Taylor Series: In the following power series

if , then the series is called Taylor series which can be written as follows:

 A Taylor series with center ,

is referred to as a Maclaurin series.

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 9
 Taylor Series

Theorem 6.1 Taylor’s Theorem

Let be analytic within a domain and let be a point in . Then has the series
representation

valid for the largest circle with center at and radius that lies entirely within .

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 10
 Taylor Series

Proof:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 11
 Taylor Series

Proof:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 12
 Taylor Series

Example 6.1
Find the Taylor series of at .
Solution:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 13
 Outline

 Sequences and Series

 Taylor Series
 Laurent Series
 Zeros and Poles
 Residues and Residue Theorem

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 14
 Laurent Series
 
Laurent Series: A series representation of a function that has the form

is called a Laurent series or a Laurent expansion of about on the annulus .

Using summation notation, we can write it as the sum of two series:

The two series on the right-hand side of last function are given special names
The part with negative powers of , that is,

is called the principal part of the series.

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 15
 Laurent Series
 
The part consisting of the nonnegative powers of ,

is called the analytic part of the series. Hence, the sum of the principal and the
analytic part converges when is a point in an annular domain defined by
.
By summing over negative and nonnegative integers, the Laurent series can be
written compactly as:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 16
 Laurent Series

Theorem 6.2 Laurent’s Theorem

Let be analytic within the annular domain defined by . Then has the series
representation

valid for .The coefficients are given by

where is a simple closed curve that lies entirely within and has in
its interior.

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 17
 Laurent Series

Proof:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 18
 Laurent Series

Proof:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 19
 Laurent Series

Example 6.2
Expand in a Laurent series valid for the following annular domains.

Solution:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 20
 Laurent Series

Example 6.3
Expand in a Laurent series valid for .
Solution:

Complex
Complex Analysis
Analysis Section
Section 6:
6: Series
Series and
and Residues
Residues Lecturer:
Lecturer: Dashti
Dashti A.
A. Ali
Ali 21