The Internet and World

Wide Web
 A Brief History of the Internet

• The Internet is made up of thousands of computer

networks that are connected (networked) to each
other. These connected computer networks are using
the communication method called TCP/IP.
 A Brief History of the Internet

• 1957
– During the Cold War, on October 4, 1957 the Soviet
Union (now Russia) quietly launched its first spacecraft
satellite called Sputnik into orbit. This launch challenged
the United States Department of Defense to put a high
priority on research and projects in science and
technology and created an agency called ARPA
(Advanced Research Projects Agency).
 A Brief History of the Internet

• 1968
– The ARPANET project was handed over to BBN
Planet (GTE). BBN received its first Honeywell
mini-computer (Honeywell 516) containing only 12
kilobytes of ram.
 A Brief History of the Internet

• 1968
– The ARPANET project was handed over to BBN
Planet (GTE). BBN received its first Honeywell
mini-computer (Honeywell 516) containing only 12
kilobytes of ram.
 A Brief History of the Internet

• 1971
– ARPANET was connecting 23 mini-computers in
different universities and institutes in the United
States, and was using the network control protocol
(NCP) to transfer data.
 A Brief History of the Internet

• 1973
– Vinton "Vint" Cerf and Robert E. "Bob" Kahn start a
project to develop Transmission-Control Protocol
(TCP)
• 1974
– They refer to the term "Internet" for the first time in
their notes regarding Transmission Control Protocol.
 How the Internet Works

• In the early days of the Internet, the major

communications companies around the world agreed
to connect their networks so that users on all the
networks could share information over the Internet.
These large communications companies, called
network service providers (NSPs).
• The Internet transmits data from one computer
(called a host) to another.
 How the Internet Works

• Each computer on the Internet has an assigned

address, called its IP address
• An IP address is a 64-bit number that identifies a
computer on the Internet.
• The 64-bit number is typically divided into four bytes
and translated to decimal
– Example: 69.32.133.79.
 How the Internet Works

• Each computer on the Internet has an assigned

address, called its IP address
• An IP address is a 64-bit number that identifies a
computer on the Internet.
• The 64-bit number is typically divided into four bytes
and translated to decimal
– Example: 69.32.133.79.
 How the Internet Works

• Because people prefer to work with words rather

than numbers, a system called the Domain Name
System (DNS) was created.
– Example : www. cengage.com
 How the Internet Works

• A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Web address

that specifies the exact location of a Web page using
letters and words that map to an IP address and a
location on the host.
– Example: http://www.cengage.com/us/
 How the Internet Works

• http://www.cengage.com/us/
• The “http” specifies the access method and tells your
software to access a file using the Hypertext
Transport Protocol.
• The “www” part of the address signifies that the
address is associated with the World Wide Web
service.
 How the Internet Works

• http://www.cengage.com/us/
• The URL www.cengage.com is the domain name that
identifies the Internet host site.
• The part of the address following the domain name
—/us—specifies an exact location on the host site.
 How the Internet Works

• Domain names must adhere to strict rules. They always

have at least two parts, with each part separated by a
dot (period).
– The right part of the domain name is the country
code. Example: .au for Australia, .ph for Philippines
– The left part of the domain name identifies the host
network which might be the name of a university or
business.
 Accessing the Internet

• You can connect to the Internet in numerous ways.

1. Connecting via a LAN Server
a) This approach is used by businesses and organizations
that manage a local area network (LAN). By
connecting a server on the LAN to the Internet using a
router, all users on the LAN are provided access to the
Internet.
 Accessing the Internet

• You can connect to the Internet in numerous ways.

1. Connecting via Internet Service Providers
a) Will access the Internet through an Internet service
provider.
b) Internet service provider (ISP) is any organization
that provides Internet access to people.
 Accessing the Internet

• You can connect to the Internet in numerous ways.

1. Wireless Connection
a) Thousands of public Wi-Fi services are available in
coffee shops, airports, hotels, and elsewhere, where
Internet access is provided free, for an hourly rate, or
for a monthly subscription fee.