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metabolism
Bio 3213
Faculty of Natural Science
University of Guyana
Introduction
Ubiquinone-H2 + Flavoprotein
NAD+ & NADP+ , Flavoproteins & Ubiquinones carry
2H+ & 2 e-
The Respiratory
Chain : The cytochromes transfer only electrons
COENZYMES Q
The protons being associated with an - NH2
group or a – coo- group & eventually transferred
to o2
The prosthetic group of a cytochrome is a derivative
of HEME & contains a single iron atom which is
responsible for the oxidative or reductive properties
of the enzyme
The Respiratory
Chain : On the basis of difference in absorption spectra,
CYTOCHROMES cytochromes can be divided into 3 main categories:
Cytochrome a
Cytochrome b
Cytochrome c
Each of these groups has a different function in the
respiratory chain & can be further subdivided on the
basis of minor differences in absorption spectra e.g.
Cytochromes c & c1 or cytochrome a & a3
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Pentose
It involves some rxns of the glycolytic pathway
Phosphate Viewed as “SHUNT” of glycolysis = Hexose
Pathway monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt)
Phosphogluconate pathway
(PPP)
Glucose can be oxidized with the liberation of
electron pairs, which may enter the ETC
Not considered a major energy-yielding pathway in
most Mo’s
Fermentation
Fermentation
Mo’s can be grouped according to their products of
fermentation e.g. lactic acid group, propionic group
Propionic acid bacteria Propionic acid plus acetic acid & CO2
- Propionibacterium
- Veillonella
Coli- aerogenes –typhoid bacteria Formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, ethyl alcohol,
- Escherichia CO2, H+ , 2,3-butylene glycol (various combination & amount
Fermentation
- Enterobacter depending on genus & species)
- Salmonella
Acetone, butyl alcohol bacteria Butyric acid, butyl alcohol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, acetic acid,
- Clostridium formic acid, ethyl alcohol, H+, & CO2 (various combination &
- Bacillus amount depending on genus & species)
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
fermentation
by S. lactis
Lactic acid
TCA (citrate, cisaconitate & isocitrate) / Krebs cycle
Energy
production by A sequence of rxns that generate energy in the
Aerobic form of ATP & reduced coenzyme molecules
processes (NADH2 & FADH2)
Tricarboxylic
Acetyl CoA + 3H20 + 3NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi
acid cycle
(Citric acid
cycle)
Cycle The specific enzymes are : isocitrate lyase & malate synthase ~ fit
together with other rxns of the TCA to provide bypass around
some of the TCA – cycle rxns
Overall rxn :
2 Acetyl-CoA succinate + 2H + 2CoA
The
Glyoxylate
Cycle
Acetyl CoA enters the cycle at 2 places