Integrated Building Services Ark 754: Lecturetopic 8: Plumbing and Sewerage Treatment

Integrated building services
ARK 754
LectureTopic 8:
plumbing and sewerage treatment
Masters 02
Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

JSB 554 | Department of Architecture. FSPU
PLUMBING SYSTEM
System type advantage disadvantage
gravity -most reliable

-low operational cost
direct pumped -water pressure and -operation and

[upfeed / downfeed] flow easily regulated maintenance of
plumbing system
Combined -low cost under certain -operation and

building form and topo maintenance of
condition plumbing system

Upfeed distribution
• Small buildings may be served by

pressure available in water mains or
pressure tanks fed by pumped wells
• This approach is called upfeed
distribution
• Water rises directly from mains to
plumbing fixtures
Pumped Upfeed Distribution
• Often used in medium sized buildings that are

too tall to rely on street pressure but not tall
enough to demand roof storage
• –Pumps in basement are automatically set to
provide proper pressures throughout the
building.
• –Can cause serious suction to neighborhood
main-surge tank filled by main is required as
reservoir when bldg demands more than
400gpm

pumped upfeed and downfeed
• For Taller buildings:

– pumped upfeed- pumps installed to supply the
additional needed pressure
– pumps force water into sealed tanks, compressing the
air within and providing the needed pressure
• Downfeed systems-pumps raise water to
storage on top of building, water drops down to
fixtures

• Municipal supplies distribute through street mains at
pressures from 50-70psi
• These pressures are adequate for low rise buildings (3

stories or lower)
• Pressure required at fixture and pressure losses due to

friction must also be considered in system design
• Required pressure at fixture-5-20 psi (depends on type

of fixture)

Upfeed Distribution
• Best and most typically used in low rise

buildings
• Pressure at fixtures is usually more than
required

Source: Stein JSB 554 | Department of Architecture. FSPU
Downfeed Distribution
• Water pumped from the street main, or from a

basement suction tank which is gravity fed from
main, and lifted to a roof storage tank
• Pressure increases with increased distance

below tank level
• Tanks present an aesthetic, seismic and

structural challenge
- Zone distribution
- [limited based on
height-to-static
pressure (min
15psi; max
80psi)
Source: Stein
• For Tall buildings, separate floors into

zones to control water pressure
• Usual limit is 150 ft due to the to static
pressure relationship

rainwater harvesting | its uses
What is it used for?
• Because of the ratio of roof area to restrooms, low- to mid-rise

commercial buildings are the best for a roof rainwater
system.
• The primary application for rainwater is usually toilet flushing
• Irrigation would be a more suitable use for rainwater
collected on a warehouse-type of building, which would have
a large surface area and few toilets to flush.
• In high-rise buildings, rainwater can also be used for required
fire-suppression storage by simply upsizing the tank,
incurring minimal extra costs.

rainwater harvesting | the
benefits
What are the benefits?
•In US - LEED certification up to 7 points will be given

•reusing rainwater reduces the stress on groundwater supply
and helps curb run-off and erosion.
•To cultivate environmental concerns amongst occupants and
stakeholders
•Estimation of up to 80 percent of rainfall can be collected
and used in a building.
•Total collection is impossible due to negligible rainfall when
the water pools and evaporates on the roof or when overflow
occurs during heavy rain.

http://www.rainharvesting.co.uk/pages/systems/commercial.html
The storage tanks are typically located underground in parking garages or
basements and made of epoxy steel, fiber glass, precast concrete, polyethylene,
or poured-in-place concrete.
Tank size is based on a mathematical equation, keeping this guideline in mind:
For every inch of annual rainfall, it’s possible to collect 600 gallons of
water per 1,000 square feet of roof area.
Filtering and ultraviolet treatment of the rainwater are also needed to produce
the safest water possible.
What is it used for?

The primary application for rainwater is usually toilet flushing, but according to
Yudelson, it varies depending on the location and type of building. Because of
the ratio of roof area to restrooms, low- to mid-rise commercial buildings are the
best candidates for a roof rainwater system. Irrigation would be a more suitable
use for rainwater collected on a warehouse-type of building, which would have a
large surface area and few toilets to flush. In high-rise buildings, rainwater can
also be used for required fire-suppression storage by simply upsizing the tank,
incurring minimal extra costs.
Published in Roof Rainwater-Harvesting Questions AnsweredToday, water is being harvested and reused to save money, earn LEED
points, and tell a story about sustainability in action Anne K. Goedken (anne.goedken@buildings.com) is new products editor at
Buildings magazine.
http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=3233 JSB 554 | Department of Architecture. FSPU
SEWERAGE TREATMENT
•Code of Practice for Design and Installation
of Sewerage Systems MS 1228: 1991
•Environmental Quality Act (Sewerage and
Industrial Effluents Regulations 1979)

SEWAGE AND POLLUTION
Sewage identified as single major source of pollution of our

rivers.

SOURCES OF SEWAGE POLLUTION
*STP- Septic Tank Pumper

SOURCE: http://igcc.ucsd.edu/pdf/Hartini.pdf
Source of pollution: sullage from houses flows via drains to rivers
SEWAGE AND POLLUTION
The two key sewage pollution measures: Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Suspended Solids (SS).
• BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that sewage consumes

over a given time.
• High BOD means that sewage will rapidly consume all the naturally-
dissolved oxygen in streams, rivers and lakes, thus killing off all
aquatic life, and rendering the water septic and foul-smelling.
• SS is a measure of the undissolved material in sewage.
• High SS leads to sludge deposits in the waterways, thus causing

significant environmental deterioration.

Influent: the wastewater that flows into a wastewater
treatment plant
Effluent: Municipal sewage or industrial liquid waste

(untreated, partially treated, or completely treated)
that flows out of a treatment plant, septic system,
pipe, etc.
DOE Standard
(mg/L) Raw Sewage Effluent
B
50 } not
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 200-400 150-200 applicable
to
Suspended Solids 200-350 50-100 100 } ISTs.

Effluent Standards
Standard BOD (mg/L) SS (mg/L) Effluent that is discharged upstream of a water

supply intake should meet Standard A, while
A 20 50 effluent that is discharged downstream has to
B 50 100 meet Standard B. These standards are set by the
Environmental Quality Act 1974.
Types of Treatment/Service
Types of Treatment/Service
Primary Treatment Process in Individual Septic Tank
Public Sewage Treatment Plants in Malaysia
No. Types of Sewage Treatment Plant As At 2005 %
1 Communal Septic Tank 3,630 41%
2 Imhoff Tank 771 9%
3 Oxidation Ponds 475 5%
4 Mechanical Plants With Media 267 3%
5 Mechanical Plants Without Media 3,076 35%
6 Network Pump Stations 562 6%
7 Marine Outfall 1 0%
TOTAL 8,782 100
The trend will be moving towards "mechanical plants" such as

Extended Aeration (EA), Oxidation Ditch (OD), Rotating Biological
Contactors (RBC), Sequenced Batch Reactors (SBR) and Trickling
Filters. Careful management of this change will ensure the future of
Malaysia's public sewerage systems.
http://www.iwk.com.my/sewerage-fact-02.htm
package plant
• Aerated lagoons
• Extended aeration systems
• Oxidation pitch
• Rotating biological contractors
• High rate tricking filter

• In order to design pipe network, pump stations and
sewage treatment plants, estimates need to be made of
the volumetric flow rate which will be expected to be
carried, pumped and treated.
• Such flow rates are measured in cubic metres per

second and need to be calculated for both existing
land use and for expected future development.

• There are many methods for calculating expected flow rates. One
method is to calculate a design parameter called the "population
equivalent" (PE) of a catchment and convert this to a flow rate.
• The PE is an estimate of the usage made of sewage facilities. It

is not a measure of population.
• For residential areas the population equivalent is calculated as

five per dwelling and is a direct measurement of the population in
an area.
• However for commercial areas it is calculated from the floor

area, which is considered to be proportional to the number of
people using a premises during the day. In this case it does not
reflect the population living in an area.

Type of Establishment Population Equivalent
Residential 5 per house
Commercial 3 per 100m2 area
Educational Institutions
- Day Schools 0.2 per student
- Residential Schools 1 per student (residential)
Hospitals 4 per bed
Hotels 4 per room
Factories 0.3 per employee
Market (Wet Type) 3 per stall
Market (Dry Type) 1 per stall
Petrol Stations 18 per service bay
Bus Terminal 4 per bus bay
Taxi Terminal 4 per taxi bay
Mosque 0.5 per person
Church or Temple 0.2 per person
Stadium 0.2 per person
Swimming Pool or Sports

0.5 per person
Complex
Public Toilet 16 per WC (water closet)
Airport 0.2 per passenger/day
Airport 0.3 per employee
Laundry 10 per machine
Prison 1 per person
Golf Course 20 per hole

The PE may be converted to a flow rate using a simple formula such as set out in Malaysian
Standards 1228 (MS1228). Refer to the Guidelines for Developers, Sewage Treatment
Plants by Sewerage Services Department, Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications
The two most important parameters: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
and Suspended Solids (SS).
BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that sewage consumes over a
given time. High BOD is significant because it means that sewage will rapidly
consume all the naturally-dissolved oxygen in streams, rivers and lakes, thus
killing off all aquatic life, and rendering the water septic and foul-smelling. SS
is a measure of the undissolved material in sewage. High SS leads to sludge
deposits in the waterways, thus causing significant environmental
deterioration.
Effluent that is discharged upstream of a water supply intake should meet
Standard A, while effluent that is discharged downstream has to meet
Standard B. These standards are set by the Environmental Quality Act
1974.
Standard BOD (mg/L) SS (mg/L)

A 20 50
B 50 100

DOE Standard
(mg/L) Raw Sewage Effluent
B
50 } not
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 200-400 150-200 applicable
to
Suspended Solids 200-350 50-100 100 } ISTs.

Public Sewage Treatment Plants in Malaysia
No. Types of Sewage Treatment Plant As At 2005 %
1 Communal Septic Tank 3,630 41%
2 Imhoff Tank 771 9%
3 Oxidation Ponds 475 5%
4 Mechanical Plants With Media 267 3%
5 Mechanical Plants Without Media 3,076 35%
6 Network Pump Stations 562 6%
7 Marine Outfall 1 0%
TOTAL 8,782 100
The trend will be moving towards "mechanical plants" such as

Extended Aeration (EA), Oxidation Ditch (OD), Rotating Biological
Contactors (RBC), Sequenced Batch Reactors (SBR) and Trickling
Filters. Careful management of this change will ensure the future of
Malaysia's public sewerage systems.
http://www.iwk.com.my/sewerage-fact-02.htm
individual system
• Septic tanks (anaerobic decomposition)
• Aerobic treatment units
– More energy intensive
– Less size
– Require more regular maintenance
– Effluent is less polluted
• Imhoff tank
• Bio filter
• Oxidation pond

package plant
• Aerated lagoons
• Extended aeration systems
• Oxidation pitch
• Rotating biological contractors
• High rate tricking filter

• In order to design pipe network, pump stations and sewage treatment
plants, estimates need to be made of the volumetric flow rate which
will be expected to be carried, pumped and treated.
• Such flow rates are measured in cubic metres per second and need
to be calculated for both existing land use and for expected future
development.
• There are many methods for calculating expected flow rates. One
method is to calculate a design parameter called the "population
equivalent" (PE) of a catchment and convert this to a flow rate.
• The PE is an estimate of the usage made of sewage facilities. It is
not a measure of population.
• For residential areas the population equivalent is calculated as five
per dwelling and is a direct measurement of the population in an area.
• However for commercial areas it is calculated from the floor area,
which is considered to be proportional to the number of people using a
premises during the day. In this case it does not reflect the population
living in an area.

Type of Establishment Population Equivalent
Residential 5 per house
Commercial 3 per 100m2 area
Educational Institutions
- Day Schools 0.2 per student
- Residential Schools 1 per student (residential)
Hospitals 4 per bed
Hotels 4 per room
Factories 0.3 per employee
Market (Wet Type) 3 per stall
Market (Dry Type) 1 per stall
Petrol Stations 18 per service bay
Bus Terminal 4 per bus bay
Taxi Terminal 4 per taxi bay
Mosque 0.5 per person
Church or Temple 0.2 per person
Stadium 0.2 per person
Swimming Pool or Sports

0.5 per person
Complex
Public Toilet 16 per WC (water closet)
Airport 0.2 per passenger/day
Airport 0.3 per employee
Laundry 10 per machine
Prison 1 per person
Golf Course 20 per hole
The PE may be converted to a flow rate using a simple formula such as

set out in Malaysian Standards 1228 (MS1228).
imhoff tank


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Integrated building services

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

gravity -most reliable

direct pumped -water pressure and -operation and

Combined -low cost under certain -operation and

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• Small buildings may be served by

• Often used in medium sized buildings that are

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• For Taller buildings:

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• These pressures are adequate for low rise buildings (3

• Pressure required at fixture and pressure losses due to

• Required pressure at fixture-5-20 psi (depends on type

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• Best and most typically used in low rise

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• Water pumped from the street main, or from a

• Pressure increases with increased distance

• Tanks present an aesthetic, seismic and

• For Tall buildings, separate floors into

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

What is it used for?

• Because of the ratio of roof area to restrooms, low- to mid-rise

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

What are the benefits?

•In US - LEED certification up to 7 points will be given

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

What is it used for?

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

Sewage identified as single major source of pollution of our

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

*STP- Septic Tank Pumper

The two key sewage pollution measures: Biochemical

• BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that sewage consumes

• SS is a measure of the undissolved material in sewage.

• High SS leads to sludge deposits in the waterways, thus causing

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

Effluent: Municipal sewage or industrial liquid waste

Suspended Solids 200-350 50-100 100 } ISTs.

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

Standard BOD (mg/L) SS (mg/L) Effluent that is discharged upstream of a water

No. Types of Sewage Treatment Plant As At 2005 %

1 Communal Septic Tank 3,630 41%

2 Imhoff Tank 771 9%

3 Oxidation Ponds 475 5%

4 Mechanical Plants With Media 267 3%

5 Mechanical Plants Without Media 3,076 35%

6 Network Pump Stations 562 6%

TOTAL 8,782 100

The trend will be moving towards "mechanical plants" such as

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• Such flow rates are measured in cubic metres per

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

• The PE is an estimate of the usage made of sewage facilities. It

• For residential areas the population equivalent is calculated as

• However for commercial areas it is calculated from the floor

Norhati Ibrahim 2007 |

Residential 5 per house

Commercial 3 per 100m2 area

- Day Schools 0.2 per student

- Residential Schools 1 per student (residential)

Hospitals 4 per bed