COMPETENT PERSON FOR

INSPECTION & CERTIFICTION

OF BOILERS EXAM - 2017
BOILER WATER TREATMENT
BOILER OPERATION & MAINTENANCE:

Chemical Requirements of Feed water

Purpose of FW & Boiler water treatment
Prevention of scale or sludge deposition in internal parts
Removal of dissolved solids, Prevention of corrosion in
heating surface of boiler & its parts.

Elimination of certain (O2, Co2) gases.

Prevention of foaming & Priming
Removal of suspended matter.
Prevention of Embrittlement
Prevention of harmful effects of oil & grease.
Before feeding into Boiler it should be treated .
Boiler water treatment employed
1. To Increase life of Boiler (up to 30 years)
2. To decrease the cost of steam generation
3. To Decrease the maintenance cost of Boiler
4. To reduce water & steam side corrosion of tubes.
5. To avoid Carryover of dissolved solids causes over
heating of tubes.
6. To reduce the loss of heat transfer.
7. To avoid scales deposition on turbine blades.

Properties of River water

1. It contains dissolved Co2, Co, dust nitons & nitric acids.
2. It cause corrosion in boiler. So it can’t directly used in
the boiler

Properties of lake water- main source is rain water.

It also causes same effect like rain water.
Raw water Impurities:

1. Dissolved salts, minerals, carbonate, sulphate, chlorides

of calcium, sodium, Magnesium, aluminium & silica.
2. Dissolved gases – Co2,O2, So2.
3. Suspended solids – alumina, silica, Mud, clay, silt & salt.
4. Mineral acids
5. Oil – Mixed, unmixed forms
6. Living organisms, bacteria & other micro organisms.
For raising PH and controlling residual oxygen.
Ammonia is used to raise PH and neutralizes any CO2
present.
Excess Ammonia present in feed water is corrosive to
copper alloy materials used in condensers, L.P. Heaters
etc.,

Hydrazine is dozed for scavenging/Removal of O2.

Normally ammonia and hydrazine doses at feed pump
suction/Deareator.

Ammonia should be carefully dosed at this point.

An optimum PH of 8.8 to 9.2 is recommended for feed

water, which can be achieved by use of not more than 0.5
ppm of ammonia.
Boiler Water treatment
Tri sodium phosphate is generally used for boiler water
treatment for increasing the pH value.
Mono Sodium Phosphate is tending to lower the pH.
For longer life of pressure parts and trouble free operation
Boiler feed water and drum water are to be strictly maintained .
Importance of pH:
0 - Strongest Acid
<7 – Acidity – High Concentration of H+ ions in water.
>7 – Alkaline – Salty
14 - Strongest alkaline solution.
Corrosion is decreased by maintaining alkaline condition of
water.
Boiler water PH – 10.5 to 11.5
Feed water PH - 8 to 9.5
Alkalinity adjustment & Film formation are adjusted by adding
soda ash, caustic soda & Tri sodium phosphate.
•Sampling system
Even though highly treated water is used in boiler and
elaborate water treatment system is available , it is
essentially monitor quality of water at various parts of the
boiler. For this sampling system is given.
Normally tap off pts. For sampling are
1. Feed water inlet to Economiser
To ensure highly treated water only enters boiler
2. Drum water
As steam evaporates , ppm of salts in water increases

To monitor the presence of salts and also to know the

effect of chemical dozing done in drum.
3. Saturated steam sampling
To monitor any salt carry over in steam.
To know the efficiency of different section of
cyclone separators.
3. Super heated steam sampling
To Ensure that quality steam enter in to turbine.

4.Similar samplings can be done for Re-heater

I/L and O/L also.

Sampling system consist of

1.sampling probe
2.Sampling lines
3.Sample coolers.
Materials used is stainless steel to ensure true sampling.
Carry Over:
This is a general term which embraces all types of steam
contamination which occurs when there is inadequate
separation of steam and water in the steam drum.

Factors affecting Carry over:

1. The concentration and condition of suspended and
dissolved solids in the boiler water.
2. Water level above normal.
3. Rapid changes of water level
4. Fluctuating Load
5. Leaking internal baffle seals
6. Priming / Foaming

Foaming is responsible for the majority of carry over

problems in boilers and is usually the result of too high a
concentration of solids in the boiler water.
Harmful effects of carry over.
Carried with water particles of steam bad results in turbine blades and
super heater. Water particles carried over causes shocks and water hammer
in steam lines.

To prevent carry over:

Steam purification equipment’s such as mechanical separators, cyclones,
scrubbers, anti priming pipes are installed adequately in boiler drum.

Continuous Blowdown:
This is installed in order to regulate and maintain the boiler water
concentration at a constant level.
The percentage of blowdown should be controlled to a minimum
necessary to achieve this.

Intermittent Blowdown:
This is resorted to only when the water analysis shows it to be
necessary, or when an immediate change in boiler TDS is required.
Sl Drum Operating Pressure in 60 - 100 100 and Once
Kg/Cm2 Above through
Boiler
1 Total Hardness in ppm Nil Nil Nil

2 pH at 25 Deg 8.8-9.2 8.8-9.2 8.8-9.2

3 Electrical Conductivity in Micro 0.50 0.50 0.50

Ohm/cm (EC)
4 Dissolved Oxygen in ppb (Max) 5.0 5.0 5.0

5 Silica as SiO2 in ppb (Max) 20 20/10 10

6 Iron as Fe in ppb (Max) 10 10 10

7 Copper in ppb (Max) 5 3 3

8 Residual hydrazine in ppb 10-20 10-20 10.20

9 Chlorides in ppm (Max) --- 0.02-0.6 0.01

10 Total Dissolved Solids in ppm (Max) 100/50 2.0 1.0