Chapter (6) Tension

• Tension
  members can be very slender and cables can form
graceful curves.
• Ties (members in tension) are the simplest of all members to
design.
• The load required to break the tie is directly proportional to its
cross-sectional area.
• Stress =
• Area
• Effective area
• The design strength, in limit state design, is the characteristic
strength divided by , the partial safety factor for material
strength.
• The
  design load on the tie is the load obtained from the analysis of
the structure, multiplied by , the partial safety factor for the loads.
• The most likely place for the tie to break is at the hole where the
cross-sectional area is minimum.
• The diameter of the bolt hole must be deducted from the width of
the tie.
• Effective area = (width – bolt diameter) x thickness
• Angle sections are commonly used for ties, particularly in framed
structures.
• The eccentricity of the end connection produces a combination of
tension and bending in the tie.
•  Effective area for angles = +
• Cable structures can be exciting, lightweight and efficient.
• It is usual to use cables made from a very high grade steel.
• Particular care must be taken with the design and manufacture of
end connections if catastrophic failure is to be avoided.
• A key feature of all design involving cables is that they are
assumed to support only tensile loads.
• Lightweight cables – few point loads
• Heavier cables- more uniform distribution of loads
• The tension forces in the two sections of the cable can easily be
determined by resolving the forces at the point load. (Lightweight
cables)
• The maximum force in the cable occurs at the support and is
obtained by finding the resultant of the vertical and horizontal
reactions.
•  

==
• (about B) ( x )( x D) = x
• =
• Maximum force in cable=