Professional Documents
Culture Documents
18 May 2016
• Discovery: 1980
• Start of Development: 1994
• Start of Production: 1997
• Originally Gas field Development
– Subsequent tie-in of Oilfields (subsea)
– Maria (2008)
– Rev (2009)
– Gaupe or Pi (2012)
– Varg (2013)
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Armada Hub Fields Layout
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Challenge: Overcoming Liquid Loading Issues During Late Life
FTHT
Wellbore DeltaP
FL DeltaP FTHP
FL DeltaP FTHP
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Remediation: Options to Overcome Liquid Loading
– Flowline/Pipeline Focussed
– Increase in well count (where opportunity and economics agree)
– Third party gas (where opportunity exists)
– Foaming
– Application of foaming agents (possibly most cost-effective, having the right setup)
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Subsea Wells Foaming Application: Areas For Consideration
• Identification of Problem Location
– Wellbore, flowline/pipeline or both
– While a pipeline liquid loading problem can be resolved via wellbore foamer injection; wellbore liquid loading
problem may not be resolved via flowline/pipeline foamer injection
– Umbilical for Injected Chemical that is no-longer required (Chemicals Compatibility check and/or flushing) - Gaupe case
– Mixing (or Simultaneous injection) of foamer and other injected chemical (Chemicals Compatibility check and
minimum effective concentration/loading for each chemical necessary)
– Continuous injection
– Used for well kick-off
– Inject foamer so long as the well is open
– Increased solids (fines, sand, organics and/or sludge) returns into the separators that might
reduce residence time/efficiency
– Strategy for possibly more vessel monitoring (thermographics)/cleaning frequency
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Some Field Results
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Gaupe South DHCI Line
(Foamer Path)
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Gaupe South Foaming – Periodic Injection
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Gaupe South Foaming – Continuous Injection
Foamer Turned
off for 1.5 days
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Maria Terrace DHCI Line
(Foamer Path)
• Well Type: Subsea Horizontal well with Slotted liners
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Maria Terrace Foaming – Periodic Injection
Foaming Episodes
for additional FL
clearing
Start of FL Foaming
(April 17, 2015)
FTHP FTHT
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Lessons Learnt
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Lessons Learnt
• Better Chance of Success if Foamer is Injected Downhole (DH)
– Both wellbore and flowline/pipeline liquid loading can be simultaneous managed as
shown in Maria and Gaupe case histories
– Consider the benefit of installing DH chemical injection lines in new wells that can be used
later in the well/field life to maximise recovery
– Although more solids are returned, sand erosion risk is lower as foamed systems lack
velocity necessary for erosion due to the artificially high viscosity of foams
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Lessons Learnt
• Possible Excursions in Topside Separation Performance (Particularly OiW)
– Requires careful monitoring by operations team
– Armada benefits from ancillary media-based water polishing unit
– Labour and running cost implications
• Watch out for Umbilical/Downline Content Siphoning (can lead to failed restart)
– Hydrostatic Difference in wellbore and Downline of the Injection Path
FTHP FTHT
DHCIV Opened
Foamer injected but well
failed to restart; period used
to refill umbilical content
Foamer
Batch Dosing
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Lessons Learnt
• In Foamer Injection System with Simultaneous Injection of Foamer and Diluent; Always
Remember that Concentration Change(s) will take Umbilical/Downline Volume/time to
Effect (reach DH)
– Allow enough time to implement change(s) and monitor response
• Some Well Kick-offs (Restarts) with Foamer can Take Longer Time / be More Challenging
than Others (Driven by)
– Prevailing well LGR and remaining reservoir energy
– Foamer loading (Concentration/Rate)
Fast Restart Response Slow Restart Response
DHCIV Opened
DHCIV Opened
FTHP FTHT
FTHP FTHT
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Best Practice
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Best Practices
• Foaming Implementation
– Consider having a Pilot (or Test) phase before setting up a permanent system
or scheme
– This will help in fine turning of the system (foaming) and also provide input data for
the permanent setup.
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Best Practices
• Start Continuous Foamer Injection Ahead of Well Opening
– 1 to 2 hours prior to opening the Well to ensure the foamer is available on demand at
the wellbore entry point
– Siphoning of some of the umbilical content has been experienced to occur (leads to failed well restart)
• Avoid Neat Foamer Injection (where possible) – Deliver the Foamer with a Diluent (e.g x
% KCl)
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Best Practices
• Revise Well Beanup Procedure
– Target slightly aggressive Tree choke opening whilst the Topside choke is
used to manipulate the Riser as Slug-catcher (where slug-catcher is not available)
– Small choke increments (5 – 10%) every (5 -15 min); where possible
– Focus on maintaining liquid momentum in the wellbore during Well restarts
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Acknowledgements / Thank You / Questions
The authors would like to thank the management of BG Group (Royal Dutch Shell
Subsidiary), Centrica, Lundin and Nalco-Champion for support and permission to
share this document/knowledge
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