SMART GRID

UNIT V
SMART GRID APPLICATIONS

Prepared by

Dr. K. Suresh, Professor.

Mrs. S . Punitha , Assistant Professor.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry
 OVERVIEW AND CONCEPT OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
 The goal of Renewable energy integration is to advance system design,
planning, and operation of the electric grid to:
◦ Reduce carbon emissions and emissions of other air pollutants through
increased use of renewable energy and other clean distributed
generation.
◦ Increase asset use through integration of distributed systems and
customer loads to reduce peak load and thus lower the costs of
electricity.
◦ Support achievement of renewable portfolio standards for renewable
energy and energy efficiency.
◦ Enhance reliability, security, and resiliency from Micro-grid applications
in critical infrastructure protection and highly constrained areas of the
electric grid.
◦ Support reductions in oil use by enabling Plug-In Electric Vehicle
(PHEV) operations of the grid
CONCEPTS OF PROTECTION RELAY
SYSTEM FOR SMART GRID

Protection relay operation suitable for

actual power system characteristics
Intelligent collection of device data.
Microgrid faults: Protection
isolates the smallest possible
section of the radial feeder to
eliminate the fault.
Utility grid faults: Protection
isolates the microgrid from the
utility grid as rapidly as
necessary to protect the
microgrid loads
Examples of the Protective Relay
Applications

Dynamic Settings based on Smart Grid Measured Factors

Reclosing Supervision based on Smart Grid data:

Conservation Voltage Reduction Supervision based on Smart Grid

data

Fault Locating

Power Quality Data

Time

Application using Synchrophasors

Application using GOOSE

Load Curtailment (Shedding)

System Integrity Protection Schemes

HOME-AREA NETWORK
Plug-in HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVs)
 Types by nature of the power source
 Electric-internal combustion engine hybrid
 Fuel cell hybrid
 Human power and environmental power hybrids
 Pneumatic hybrid
 Hydraulic hybrid
 Advantages
 Improvements in fuel consumption
 Reduction of in-use emissions – potentially to zero
 Cheap to run
 Disadvantages
 High capital cost
 Lack of availability
 Limited range in some types
 Emissions can simply be transferred to production sources
Comparision Between PHEVs and Evs
SUPERCAPACITORS
 Double-layer capacitors - with carbon
electrodes or derivate with much higher
static double- layer capacitance than the
faradaic pseudo-capacitance
 Pseudo-capacitors - with electrodes out
of metal oxides or conducting polymers
with a high amount of faradaic pseudo-
capacitance
 Hybrid capacitors - capacitors with
special and asymmetric electrodes that
exhibit both significant double-layer
capacitance and pseudo-capacitance,
such as lithium-ion capacitors
 Advantages Over Batteries
◦ Power density
◦ Recycle ability
◦ Environmentally friendly
◦ Safe
◦ Light weight
 Applications for Supercapacitors
 Computer systems - Power generators
 UPS systems - Battery assist
 Power conditioners - Smart meters
 Welders - Energy harvesting
 Inverters- Medical systems
 Automobile brakingsystems - Audio systems
 Power supplies - Emergency lighting
 Cooking equipment - Electric valves/ solenoids
SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY
STORAGE (SMES)
Energy Storage Systems
Types of Electric Storage
System
Battery- Key Terminologies
Battery duty cycle
Cell size
Equalizing charge
Full-Float Operation (Float
Service)
Period
Rated capacity (Lead-acid)
Vented Battery
State of charge
 Batteries

Lead acid.
◦ Suitable for large storage application.
◦ Low cost but high maintenance.
Sodium Sulfur (NaS) batteries
◦ High energy density (Four times of lead acid), suitable
for Microgrid applications.
◦ Long cycle capability.
Lithium Ion (Li-ion)
◦ Environmental friendly.
◦ Suitable for portable devices like mobile phones,
laptop, power tools and also in Electric vehicles .
 NickelCadmium (NiCd)
Nickel metal hydrides (NiMH)
FLOW BATTERY
Applications
 Loadbalancing
 Storing energy from renewable sources
 Peak shaving, where spikes of demand are met by the
battery.
 UPS, where the battery is used if the main power fails to
provide an uninterrupted supply.
 Power conversion – because all cells share the same
electrolyte/s.
 Electric vehicles – Because flow batteries can be rapidly
"recharged"
 Stand-alone power system.
  
 FUEL CELL

H2(g) + 1/2 O2 (g) → H2O(l) ΔH=-287 kJ

-1
TYPES
◦ There are five major types of fuel cells being known or
used in the market..
◦ Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
◦ Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
◦ Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
◦ Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
◦ Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
APPLICATIONS
◦ Space Exploration
◦ Transportation
◦ Stationary and Residential Applications
◦ Portable Power for Electronics
◦ Distributed generation
◦ Emergency power systems
◦ Hybrid vehicles,
◦ Smartphones, laptops and tablets.
Hydrogen energy storage
system
FLY WHEELS

Stored Energy= ½ Jω2

Multi Agent-based Electrical Vehicle
charging and discharging architecture
CYBER SECURITY
Classification of cyber
attacks
Comparison of security requirement
Cyber security in smart
grid
SMART GRID INFORMATION MODEL
Securityat Device level
Securing the communication
link
Securing control centre
◦ Firewall Protection for Network
◦ Antivirus Protection:
Thank you