Measurement of Angles and

Direction
Bearing and Azimuth
Elementary Surveying LESSON 25
Engr. Villamora, Richard G.

Submitted by: Danielle Gem Zamudio

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 BEARINGS
The acute horizontal angle between the reference meridian
and the line
N
N-W N-E • Bearing angle is between 0° and
90°
W E • Bearing always start on either N
S-W S-E or S and will turn on E or W

S
In Surveying this is called The
compass rule
Others may call it as Cartesian

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 NOTE:
• The first letter is the origin
• Angle “A” is used to determine
N A= 45° 30’ the angle from N to E
15” • Both angles are the same but
BEARING XY opposite direction
N 45° 30’ 15” E
W E
BEARING XZ
S 45° 30’ 15”
W
B= 45° 30’
S
15”

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 N B = 90 ° - 45°
B 30’ 15” NOTE:
• The first letter is the origin
B = 44 ° 29’ 45” • Angle “A” is used to determine
W E N 44
However, ° 29’
if the word45”
PLUNGED the angle from N to E
A E
or REVERSED is mentioned, then • Both angles are the same but
A= 45° 30’ it is opposite direction
15” S 44 ° 29’ 45” W
S
m = 5°
N 4’ 5’ but if there is a magnetic
B bearing then we compute
it as “B’ = B – m”

B’ = 44 ° 29’ 45” - 5° 4’
W E 5”
A
B’ = 39° 25’ 40”

N 39° 25’ 40” E

S

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 FORWARD BEARING (FB)
The bearings measured in the progress of surveying i.e. in the
forward direction of survey lines is known as fore bearing or
Forward Bearing

BACK BEARING (BB)

The bearings measured in opposite to the progress of surveying i.e.
in backward direction of survey line is known as Backward Bearing

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 B
A
B
A
FB = BB BB = FB

6
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 NOTE:
•
AZIMUTHS •
The first letter is the origin
It always starts at N or S and
turns clockwise
Direction of a line given by the angle between the • It’s always between 0° and
360°
meridian and the line measured in clockwise manner • Called by indicating the angle
from either north or south
This is This is
equivalent to equivalent to
180° 90° B
X = 35° 22’
A A 15”

X = 35° 28’
A
B 18” This is
X = 38° 13’ B equivalent to
29”
270°
A = 180° + 38° 13’ 29” A = 270° + 35° 22’ 15”
A = 218° 13’ 29” A = 90° + 35° 28’ 18”
A = 305° 22’ 15”
A = 125° 28’ 18”

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 FORWARD AZIMUTH (FA)
The azimuh measured in the progress of surveying i.e. in the
forward direction of survey lines is known as fore bearing or
Forward Azimuth

BACK AZIMUTH (BA)

The azimuth measured in opposite to the progress of surveying i.e.
in backward direction of survey line is known as Backward Azimuth

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 B
A
B
A
FA = BA
BA = FA

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 Reletionships between
BEARING & AZIMUTH
Bearing to Azimuth

Azimuth to Bearing

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 Conversion
BEARING AZIMUTH

Bearing to Azimuth

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 Conversion
BEARING AZIMUTH

Bearing to Azimuth

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 Watch the following video for more explanations and examples:

https://youtu.be/vB8bhi5vbg4

https://youtu.be/lM6kWrgsGYw

Reference: Elementary Surveying, 3rd Ed. by Juny Pilapil La Putt

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mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted