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Abdullah

Chap: Trigonometry

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Right angle triangle and naming its sides:

➢ When one of the angle of a triangle is a right angle (90˚), then it is called a right angled triangle.

Opposite (op)

Adjacent (ad)

➢ Pythagoras Theorem (For only right angled triangle);

𝑯𝟐 = 𝒐𝒑𝟐 +( 𝒂𝒅𝟐

➢ Trigonometrical ratios (For only right angled triangle);

𝒐𝒑 𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝑯 𝑯 𝒂𝒅
➢ Area of a right angled triangle;
𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = × 𝒂𝒅 × 𝒐𝒑
𝟐

Finding sides, angles and area of other triangles:

➢ A

⦟𝐴

c b

⦟𝐵 a ⦟𝐶
B C

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➢ Sine Rule:
Uses of this rule are in following cases;
• Two sides and one of their opposite angle are known, another opposite angle is
required.
• Two angles and one of their opposite sides are known, another opposite side is
required.
•
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
= =
𝐬𝐢𝐧⦟ 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧⦟ 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ⦟𝑪
➢ Cosine Rule:
Uses of this rule are in following;
• Two sides and their included angle are known, third side is required.
• Three sides are known, angles are required.
•
𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 −𝟐𝒃𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 or 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 =
𝟐𝒃𝒄
• Area = abSin⦟C = bc Sin⦟A = caSin⦟B

Three dimensional or angles in planes:

➢ Angle between a horizontal line and a vertical line is always 90˚.
➢ If a line PO intersects a given plane at O and PN is the perpendicular from P to the plane, the
angle ⦟PON is defined as the angle between the line and the plane.

N O

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➢ Two planes which are not parallel intersects on a straight line. Draw two lines one in each plane
and perpendicular to the common line of intersection. The angle between these two lines is
defined as the angle between the planes.

Bearing:
➢ Bearing of B from A = ˂𝑩𝑨𝑵 Bearing of A from B = ˂𝑵𝑩𝑨

B
B Clockwise rotation

A
A

Note: Bearing is given always in three digits

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Angle of Elevation and Depression:

Angle of elevation of B from A = θe Angle of depression of A from B = θd

B B
Θd

Θe
A A

Two Dimensional problems:

Example: 1
In diagram AB= 6 cm, AC= 9 cm and ⦟ABC = 90˚. Calculate giving your answer to 2S.F ;
(a) The length in cm, of BC.
(b) The size of ⦟BAC.
[p1] C
SOLTUION:

B A
6 cm

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Example: 2
In the figure EDC is a straight line and AD = 20 cm. ⦟ADE = 55˚, ⦟BDC= 35˚ and ⦟ABD = 65˚, ⦟AED = ⦟BCD = 90˚.
Calculate the length in cm to 3S.F of;
(a) DE (b) DB (c) BC
[P1]

SOLTUION: A

B
65˚

55˚ 35˚
E D C

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Example: 3
In the diagram, PRT is a straight line, ST = 5 m, RT = 8 m, ⦟PQR = 70˚, ⦟PST = 80˚, ⦟PRQ = ⦟PTS = 90˚. Calculate the
length in m to 3S.F, of;
(a) PT (b) PR (c) QR
[P1]

SOLTUION: Q

70˚ s
80˚

5m
P R T
8m

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Example: 4
PQRS is a quadrilateral with ⦟RQP=90˚ and QR parallel to PS, RS=RP=12 cm and QP= 10 cm. Calculate the length in cm to
3s.f, of (a) QR (b) PS.
[p1]
S
SOLTUION:
R

Q P

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Example: 5
The trapezium ABCD has DC=DB, AD=3 m, ⦟ABD=20˚ and AD is parallel to BC.
(a) Calculate the length, in m, of BC.
(b) The area, in 𝑚2 . Of the trapezium.
[p1] C

SOLTUION:
D

3m
20˚
A B

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Example: 6
ABCD is trapezium with AB parallel to DC, and AD=BC. The point E lies on DC such that AE=BE=6cm, and the point lies on DC
such that AF is perpendicular to DC. Given that ⦟AEB=50˚ and ⦟ADC=55˚, calculate to 3s.f,
(a) The length, in cm, of AF.
(b) The length, in cm, of AD.
(c) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of ABCD.
A B
SOLTUION:

55˚ 50˚
D F E C

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Example: 7
In the triangle ⦟BCA=90˚ and BC=84cm. Given that cos ⦟𝐴𝐵𝐶=0.8, calculate the length, in cm, of AB.
B
SOLTUION:

84cm
A C

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➢ Problems regarding Elevation & Depression:

Example: 8
Two vertical poles CD and EF stands 23m aprt on horizontal ground. The height of the poles CD and EF are 5m and 8m
respectively. Calculate, in degree, to 1d.p, the angle depression od D and F.
F
SOLTUION:
D

8m
5m
c 23cm E

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Example: 8
The point at A, is at sea level, is 50 m verticall below point B on a cliff, as shown in the figure. A Man stands at B
and sees a boat at. From B, the angle of depression of D is 20˚ and the angle of elevation of C is 40˚. Calculate the
C
height of C above D. give your answer, in m, to 3s.f.

SOLTUION:
B

50m
A D

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Example: 9
THE ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE ARE IN RATIO 2:3:5.
(a) Calculate the size, in degree, of the three angles.The length of the side opposite the smallest angke is 30cm.
(b) Calculate the perimeter, in cm, to 3s.f, of the triangle.
[p1]
SOLTUION:

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Example: 10
Two weather balloons, A and B, we re released into the atmosphere. At midday the altitude of A was 10000m, the
altitude of B was 12000m and the angle of elevation of B from A was 13˚. Calculate the distance, to the nearest 100m, of B
from A.
SOLTUION:

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➢ Three dimensional problems:

Example: 11
The diagram shows a pyramid with a horizontal rectangular base ABCD. The vertex E is vertically above D. given that
DE=12cm, AB=7cm, and BC=8cm, calculate, to 3s.f,
(a) The size of ⦟EAD,
(b) The length, in cm, of DB. E
(c) The size of, ⦟EBD.

SOLTUION:

C
D

8cm
A 7cm B

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Example: 12
The figure represents a room with horizontal rectangular floor CDHG. The height of each wall is 4m. the length of CG is 7m
and the angle of elevation of the corner F from the corner D is 25˚. Calculate to 3s.f, the length in m, of DC.
[p1].
SOLTUION:
E

A
H F

4m
25˚
D
B G

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Example: 13
Figure shows a solid squared based pyramid standing on a horizontal plane. The vertex O is vertically above the point N,
where N is the center of the square base. M is the midpoint of AB. The length of each side of the base is 6cm and
OA=OB=OC=OD=8cm. Calculate to 3s.f;
(a) The length, in cm, of OM. O
(b) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of the face OAB.
(c) The total surface area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of the pyramid.
(d) The volume, in 𝑐𝑚3 , of the pyramid.
(e) The size of ⦟DOB.
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[Volume of pyramid = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡]………[p2]
3
SOLTUION: D

C
N

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Example: 14
Figure shows a solid pyramid ABCDE with a rectangular base ABCD, where AB=10cm and BC=12cm. the point of
intersection of diagonals AC and BD of the rectangle ABCD is F, where EF=20cm. the base of the pyramid is placed on a
horizontal table so that EF is vertical. The midpoint of the line AB is G. Calculate to 1d.p;
(a) The length, in cm, of EG.
(b) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of ΔAEB,
E
(c) The length, in cm, of EB,
(d) The size, in degree, of ⦟AEB,
(e) The total surface area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of the pyramid ABCDE.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

C
F
A
G

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Example: 15
Figure represent a tent. The base, which is the rectangle ABCD, rest on horizontal ground. E is vertically above A, F is
vertically B, G is vertically above C and H is vertically above D. The vertex V is vertically above M, the center of the base.
AB=6m, BC=8m, AE=BF=CG=DH=1.3m and EV=FV=GV=HV=5.2m. Calculate;
(a) The length, in m, of EG.
(b) The height, in m, to 3s.f, of V above M.
(c) The size, to the nearest degree, of ⦟EVG.
(d) The length, in m, to 3s.f, of AV.
(e) The size, to the nearest degree, of ⦟VAB.
V
[p2]
SOLTUION:

D G

M
E
1.3m
A F

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Example: 16
Figure shows a solid formed from a cuboid and a right rectangular pyramid. The base, ABCD, of the cuboid rest on
horizontal ground. The top, EFGH, of the cuboid is the base of the pyramid. The vertex P of the pyramid is vertically above
Q and R is the center of ABCD. The midpoint of FE is M and the midpoint of EH is N. AB=6m, PR=4.9m, BF=2.5M and
PF=5m. Calculate;
(a) The length, in m, of PQ.
(b) The length, in m, of PM.
(c) The size, in degree, to 3s.f, of PN.
(d) The length, in m, of EH.
(e) The length, in m, to 3s.f, of PN.
(f) The surface area of the solid, excluding the base ABCD of the cuboid, in 𝑚2 , to 3s.f.
The surface of the solid, excluding the base ABCD of the cuboid, is to be painted. The paint in each tin covers 30𝑚2.
(g) Calculate the number of tins of paint that need to be bought.
[p2]
P

H
C

Q
F
N

D
2.5m M

R E
B

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SOLTUION:

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Example: 17
Figure shows a rectangle ABCD, marked out on a horizontal plane. AB=8m,BC=12m. the point E is vertically above C, the
point F is vertically above D and ⦟CBE=36˚. Calculate;
(a) In m, to 3s.f, the distance AC.
(b) In m, to 3s.f, the distance EC,
(c) In degree, to the nearest degree, the size of ⦟CAE.
P is the point on AB such that ⦟CPE=33˚.
(d) Find the distance BP, in m, to 3s.f. D
[p2]
SOLTUION:

D D

D
36˚

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Example: 18
Figure represents a solid triangular prism ABCDEF. The base ABCD is a rectangle lying on a horizontal plane, and rectangle
BCEF lies on a vertical plane. AB=1.5m and BF=2m.
(a) Calculate the length, in m, of AF.
Given that the volume of the prism is 4.5𝑚3 ,
(b) Show that CB= 3m.
(c) Calculate, to 3s.f, the angle of elevation of F from D.
[p2]
SOLTUION:
E

2m
B

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Example: 19
Figure shows a solid prism ABCDEFGH. It has rectangular base and a square top BFGC, both of which are horizontal. DC
and HG are both vertical, AB=EF=1.8m, BC=1.2m and ⦟BAD=78˚ . Calculate the length. In cm, to 3s.f, of;
(a) AD (b) ED (c) EC (d) Calculate the size, to the nearest degree, of ⦟CED.
[p2]

SOLTUION:
G
F

H C

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Example: 20
Won Bang, a firework manufacturer, produces a firework in the shape of a pyramid with a square base EFGH. The design
for this firework is shown in the fig. A square piece of card of 8cm is cut to leave the shaded section. The four triangle
removed are congruent isosceles triangles and ⦟DAE=⦟ADE=18˚. The shaded parts are folded along the lines EF, FG, GH
and HE to form the pyramid. Calculate, giving your answer to 3s.f;
(a) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of ΔAED.
(b) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of the shaded region.
(c) The length, in cm, of AE.
(d) The length, in cm, of EF.
(e) The volume, in 𝑐𝑚3 , of the pyramid.
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[Volume of pyramid= 3 × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡]…..[p2]
SOLTUION: A
18˚

18˚ E F

D
B

H G

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➢ Problems of Bearing:

Example: 21
In figure, the points A, B and C lie in the same horizontal plane as the foot O of a vertical mast OT. THE mast is kept in a
vertical position by two wires AT and BT and by a rod CS which is of length 8m. the point A is 12m due east of O and the
angle of elevation of T from A is 69˚.
(a) Calculate, in m, to 1d.p, the height of the mast OT.
The point B is 9m due South of A. Calculate;
(b) The distance BO, in m.
(c) The bearing, to the nearest degree, of the point B from O. N
Given that the rod CS makes an angle of 48˚ with the horizontal. Calculate;
(d) The distance CO, in m, to 1d.p. T E
(e) The angle of elevation of the point S from the point B, to the nearest degree. [p2]
SOLTUION:

A
O
C

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Example: 22
In the figure point T is the top of a vertical lighthouse. Boats are moored at the points A, B and C. the foot O of the
lighthouse, A, B and C are all at sea level. The boat at A is 85m from point O and the angle of elevation of T from A is 24˚.
The boats A and B are due east of the lighthouse and the distance AB is 40m. the boat at C is due south of the boat at A
and the angle of elevation of T from C is 18˚. Calculate;
(a) The distance OT, in m, to nearest m.
(b) The distance OB.
(c) The angle of elevation of the point T from the boat at B, in degree to the nearest degree.
Calculate also, in m, to nearest m;
(d) The distance CT.
(e) The distance OC.
(f) The distance AC.
(g) Calculate the bearing of the boat at B from the boat at C, in nearest degree.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

24˚
O A B

18˚

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Example: 23
Figure is a diagram representing the location of four places in the south-east of England. Tunbridge wells (T) is 60km due
east of Gatwick (G). Brighton (B) is due south of Gatwick. Chichester (C) is 85km due west of Brighton and ⦟GTB=50˚.
Calculate, to 3s.f;
(a) The distance, in km, from Brighton to Tunbridge Wells.
(b) The size, in degrees, of ⦟GCB.
(c) The bearing of Gatwick from Chichester.
(d) The bearing of Chichester from Gatwick.
A helicopter takes off from Tunbridge Wells and flies directly to Chichester, travelling at an average speed of 180km/h.
Calculate;
(e) The distance, in km to the nearest km, from Tunbridge Wells to Chichester.
(f) The time, in minutes to the nearest minute, to complete the journey.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

G 60km T
50˚

C 80km B

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Example: 24
A ship sailed from port A at 12 00 on a bearing of 300˚. By 14 30 it had travelled a distance of 45km.
(a) Calculate the avg. speed, in km/h, of the ship.
At 14 30 the ship changed its bearing to 030˚ and sailed at the same avg. speed for another 40 minutes until it arrived at
port B.
(b) Calculate the direct distance, in km, to 1d.p, of port B from port A.
(c) Calculate the bearing, in degree to the nearest 0.1˚, of port B from port A.
A helicopter left port A and flew directly to port B at an avg. speed of 380km/h. it arrived at port B at the same time as the
ship arrived at port B.
(d) Determine the time, to the nearest minute, when the helicopter left port A.
[p2]
SOLTUION:

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➢ More two-dimensional problems:

Example: 25
Figure represent the shape of a component used in a radio. ABCD is a rectangle with AB=5cm and BC=9.2cm, ⦟CDE=90˚,
⦟DEC=30˚ and CEF is a semicircle. Calculate;
(a) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of ABCD.
(b) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , to 1d.p, of ΔCDE.
(c) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , to 1d.p, of the semicircle CEF.
It is found that 4% of the components produced are defective. Given that 1200 components are required,
(d) Calculate the number of components that should be produced.
[p2]

SOLTUION:
A D E
30˚

5cm
F
B 9.2cm C

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Example: 26
Figure shows a triangular wooden framework for a slopping roof. The sides BA and BC are equal, ⦟BCA=35˚ and AC=10m.
to strengthen the roof, four further pieces of wood are used; BG, DH, EF and DE. G is the midpoint of AC and H and F are
points on AC such that AH=FC=3m and HG=GF=2m. D and E are points on AB and BC respectively such that
⦟HAD=⦟FEC=90˚. Calculate the length, in m, to 3s.f, of;
(a) FE (b) EC (c) BG (d) BC (e) DE
(f)Calculate the total length of wood, in m, to 2s.f, in the complete wooden framework.
SOLTUION:

D E

35˚
A C
3m H 2m G 2m F 3m

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Example: 27
Figure shows a circle ABCT with center O and radius 8cm. the tangent at T to circle is PQ and AB is a diameter of the circle.
BCQ is a straight line, ⦟ATP=25˚ and ⦟APT=⦟CQT=90˚.
(a) Calculate, in degree, of;
(i)⦟BTQ (ii) ⦟OAT (iii)⦟CTQ
(b) Calculate the area , in cm, to 3s.f, of;
(i) AT (ii) BT (iii) BQ (iv) QT (v) BC
(c) Calculate the area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , to 3s.f, of the quadrilateral ABCT.
SOLTUION:
B

C
A

P T Q
25˚

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Example: 28
Figure shows a circle ABC with center O. CE is the tangent to the circle at C. ⦟CEB=90˚ and BE=5cm. the point D is such
that BD is parallel to CE and AD is the tangent to the circle at A. OD=25.5cm and AD=22.5cm.
(a) Calculate the radius, in cm, of the circle.
(b) Calculate the size in degree, to 3s.f. of ⦟ADO.
(c) Show that, to 3s.f, the length of CE is 9.75cm
(d) Calculate, to 3s.f, the size, in degree of ⦟COB.
A
(e) Calculate, to 3s.f, the size, in degree of ⦟ADB.
SOLTUION:

O
B
D

5cm
C E

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Example: 29
In figure, ABD is a triangle in which AB=7cm and ⦟BDA=25˚. The poit E on AD and the point C on BD are such that BE=6cm,
BC=8cm and ⦟CBE=20˚. Calculate, to 3s.f;
(a) The length, in cm, of CE.
(b) The size, in degree. Of ⦟BCE.
(c) The length, in cm, of ED.
(d) The size, in degree, of ⦟ABE.
(e) The area, in 𝑐𝑚2 , of ΔABD. A
SOLTUION:

20˚
A

25˚
A A A

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Example: 30
Figure shows a continuous belt APCDQFA which passes around two wheels whose centers B and E are 15cm apart. The
radius of the larger wheel is 5cm and the radius of the smaller wheel is 2cm. Calculate giving all your answers, to 3s.f;
(a) The size of ⦟ABE.
(b) The length, in cm, of AF.
(c) The length, in cm, of the part of the belt which is touching the larger wheel.
(d) The total length, in cm, of the belt.
[p2]
SOLTUION: A
F
5cm
15cm 2cm
P B E Q
2cm

5cm
D

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Example: 31
The diagram shows the circular cross-section of three cylindrical tubes. The lower two rest on horizontal ground with their
axes horizontal and touching each other along their length; the upper tube touches the lower two along its length.
The center of the cross-section are P,Q and R respectively, and each tube has radius of 40cm. A tout rope
ABCDTEFA holds the tubes in position, where is vertically above the midpoint of AB. Calculate. Giving your answer
to 3s.f where appropriate,
(a) The length, in cm, of AB.
(b) The size of ⦟BQC.
(c) The length, in cm, of the arc BC. T
(d) The length, in cm, of T above the ground. D
E
[Circumference of a circle=2πr]
SOLTUION: R

F C
40cm
P Q

A B

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Example: 32
Figure shows a triangular field on horizontal ground. AB=54m, BC=35m and ⦟ABC=100˚. Calculate, giving your answer to
3s.f;
(a) The length, in m, of AC,
(b) The size, in degree, of ⦟CAB.
D is point on AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC.
(c) Calculate, to 3s.f, the length, in, of BD.
A vertical mast is placed at the midpoint of BD.
(d) Calculate, to 3s.f, the distance, in m, from C to the base of the base of the mast.
The angle of elevation of the top of the mast from C is 40˚.
(e) Calculate giving your answer to 3s.f, the height, in m, of the mast.
SOLTUION:
A

54m

B
100˚

35m

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➢ Solving Trigonometrical Equations:

Example: 33
(a)Given that sin 𝜃° = 0.5 , 0 < 𝜃 < 180, find the two values of 𝜃. [p1]
(b)Given that cos 𝜃 = 0.5 , 0 < 𝜃 < 360, find the values of 𝜃.
(c)Given that sin 𝜃° = 0.5 , 90 < 𝜃 < 180, find the value, to 3s.f, of cos 𝜃. [p1]
(d)Given that 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −2bc Cos 𝐴° and a=7, b=4 and c=5, find the value, to nearest integer, of A.
(e)Find the size, in degree to 3s.f, of the angle 𝜃 which satisfies the equation;cos 𝜃 + sin 30° = tan 40° for
0° < 𝜃 < 90°.
(f) (i) Solve the equation 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 1 = 0; Given that 𝑡 = tan 𝑥°;
(ii) Calculate, to 1d.p, the value of 𝑥 which lies in the range 0 < 𝑥 < 90.
(g) Given that tan 𝑥° = −0.5, 0 < 𝑥 < 180, find, to 1d.p, the value of 𝑥.
SOLTUION:

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