Trigonometry

Additional Mathematics 2023

Objectives
› Define the radian
› Convert degrees to radians and radians to degree
› Use the formulae for arc length and sector area
› Evaluate the exact values of sine, cosine and tangent for
Introduction

 The angle is measured on one of three units:

 Degrees (denoted )

 Radians (denoted rad or c

or no units

 Gradian (denoted grad)

 Degrees – is based on ancient Mathematicians concept of a solar year being

360 days and divided one complete revolution into 360 parts – being one

degree.
 Radians – thought to be more accurate; useful when doing differentiation of
trigonometric functions and other problems connected to circles.
Radian Measure

› More generally, the magnitude in radians of a subtended angle

is equal to the ratio of the arc length to radius of the circle.
The number of radians in one complete revolution is

One revolution =

One revolution =

One revolution =

This means
radians = degrees
radians = degrees
radians = degrees
And so on

(from here onwards, assume all angles are measured in

radians unless otherwise stated).
Converting Between Units
› 1 = rad and 1 rad =
Converting from Degrees to Radians
Converting from Radians to Degrees
Mensuration of a Circle – Length of Arc
Circumference of a circle =

Area of a circle

Length of arc =

Proof:

Length of arc in degrees =

Length of arc in radians

Length of arc in radians =

Area of Sector
Area of Sector =

Area of sector in degrees =

Area of sector in radians =

Area of sector in radians =

Area of sector in radians =

Note: Area of segment = Area of sector – Area of triangle

Area of segment =
Examples: (do exercise 9.2 after these eg)

› Question 1
Find the arc length, and area, of the sector shown.

› Question 2
Find the arc length, , and area, , of the sector of a circle of radius 8 cm and
sector angle . Give exact answers in terms of .
› Question 3
A compass is used to draw a sector of radius 6 cm and area cm 2.
a. Determine the angle of the sector in radians
b. Calculate the perimeter of the sector.

› Question 4
The diagram shows a sector of a circle, center and radius cm. Angle is
a. Express exactly in radians, simplifying your answer.
The area of the sector is .
b. Find the value of
c. Find the area of the segment bounded by the arc and the chord , giving your answer correct to
3 significant figures.
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
of Angles
Special Angles
› Special Angles 30°, 45° and 60°
60° 1 sin 60 ° = √ 3
30° sin 30 ° = 2
2
30°
2 2 cos 30 °= √3 1
2 cos 60 °=
2 2
√3 1
tan 30 °= √3
√ 3tan 60 °=
1
60° 60° 90° 60°
90°
2 1
1
sin 45 °=
√2
45° 1
cos 45 ° =
1
√2 √2
1
tan 45 ° =
90° 45° 1
1
Use these ratios when asked to give an answer in surd form.
 Complementary Angle Theorem

States:

The sine of an angle is equal to the cosine of its complementary angle,

and the cosine of an angle is equal to the sine of its complementary

angle.

If then,

or
Objectives Continue:

 Evaluate sine, cosine and tangent for any angles of any size given in
either degrees or radians.

Trigonometric Ratios
POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE ANGLES
Positive angles – goes in
an anti-clockwise
direction.

Negative angles – goes in

a clockwise direction.
 Representing any angle in the plane

60 ° 5 𝜋
480 °
4

140 ° 11 𝜋 −3 0 °
6
REFERENCE ANGLE
The reference angle is the
acute angle made with the
-axis.

This angle makes it

possible to easily evaluate
trigonometric function for
any angle
Trigonometric Ratio for a General Angle (angle
of any size)
Let’s use a circle with radius
( is always positive)

Firstly, there are four (4)

quadrants
𝑦

𝑥
› Evaluating the Trigonometric Ratios of All Angles Between 0° and 360°
Write in surd form: (i) cos 225° (ii) tan 330° (iii) sin 135°
(i) cos 225°
Step 1 Draw an angle of 225°.

225° Step 2
180°
45°
cos is negative (CAST).
3rd quadrant

225°

Step 3
Reference angle = 225° – 180°
= 45°
Step 4
cos 45° =
1
∴ cos 225°√
=−
2 1
√2
› Evaluating the Trigonometric Ratios of All Angles Between 0° and 360°
Write in surd form: (i) cos 225° (ii) tan 330° (iii) sin 135°
(i) cos 225° (ii) tan 330° (iii) sin 135°
Step 1 Draw an angle of 225°. Step 1 Draw an angle of 330°. Step 1 Draw an angle of 135°.
135°

225°
180° 45° 330° 45° 135°
180° 180°
30°
225°

330°

Step 2
Step 3 tan is negative (CAST). sin is positive (CAST).
Reference angle = 225° – 180° Step 2
4th quadrant 2nd quadrant
= 45° Step 3 Reference angle = 360° – 330°
Step 3 Reference angle = 180° – 135°
= 30°
Step 4 = 45°
cos 45° =
1 1 Step 4 sin 45° = 1
Step 4 tan 30° =

∴ cos 225°√
=−
2 1 √ 13 ∴ sin 135° √
=
12
−
∴ tan 330° =
√2 √3
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