Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Part III
Viscous Flow
 Equations of Motion

 xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
 gx      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xy  yy  zy  v v v v 
gy      u v  w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xz  yz  zz  w w w w 
 gz      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 

Equations of motion apply for any continuum (solid of fluid) in motion or at rest

There are more unknowns than equations. Some additional information of

stresses must be obtained

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 Viscous Flow
Stress-Deformation relations

For incompressible Newtonian fluids, stresses are linearly related to the

rate of deformation

 u v 
u  xy   yx     
 xx   p  2   y x 
x
v  v w 
 yy   p  2  yz   zy     
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz   p  2  zx   xz     
z  x z 

1
p
3
  xx   yy   zz 

cylindrical polar coordinates blank

 Viscous Flow
Navier-Stokes Equations

 u u u u  p   2u  2 u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2 v  2 v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

The Navier-Stokes equations are the basic differential equations describing the
flow of incompressible Newtonian fluids

cylindrical polar coordinates blank

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates
Re  1400

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Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates
Re ≤ 1400

 u u u u  p   2u  2 u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2 v  2 v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

p   2u 
Reduced equations 0   2 
x  y 
p
0  g
y
p
0
z
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 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates
Re ≤ 1400

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
Velocity profile is parabolic u  
2   x 
 y  h 2


Volume flow rate 2h3  p 

q  
(per unit width in z direction) 3  x 

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
2 h 3 p
q
volume flow rate 3 l blank
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates
Re ≤ 1400

Mean velocity q h 2 p
V 
2 h 3 l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2

 p 
Pressure variation p    gy    x  p0
 x 

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Couette Flow

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 Couette Flow
y 1  p  2 u y b2  p  y  y 
u U     y  by  or in dimensionless form     1  
b 2  x  U b 2U  x  b  b 

b 2  p 
P  
2 U  x 

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 Couette Flow

Simplest type of Couette flow is that with zero pressure gradient

y
u U
b

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Flow in the Narrow Gap of a Journal Bearing
y
u U
b

If r0  ri ri

then U  ri , b  r0  ri

ri
and  
r0  ri

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 Example 6.9 A wide moving belt passes through a
container of a viscous liquid. The belt moves vertically
upward with a constant velocity, V0 , as illustrated in figure.
Because of viscous forces the belt picks up a film of fluid of
thickness h. Gravity tends to make the fluid drain down the
belt. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and fully
developed.
Find Use the Navier–Stokes equations to determine an
expression for the average velocity of the fluid film as it is
dragged up the belt.
 h2
Answer: V  V0 
3
 2 h
v x  x  V0
2 

2
v x x  h2
 c    2c    1 where c 
V0 h h 2  V0

yh3
Net upward flow is possible only if V0 
3
Example A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates as
shown in figure.
a)By use of the Navier–Stokes equations, determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the
direction of flow. Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity.
b)If flow is downward, determine the relationship between the discharge and the other parameters
involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.
Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and uniform.

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10 tons on 8 psi. Place a golf ball on the end of a garden hose and then slowly turn the
water on a small amount until the ball just barely lifts off the end of the hose, leaving a
small gap between the ball and the hose. The ball is free to rotate. This is the idea behind
the new “floating ball water fountains” developed in Finland. Massive, 10-ton, 6-ft-
diameter stone spheres are supported by the pressure force of the water on the curved
surface within a pedestal and rotate so easily that even a small child can change their
direction of rotation. The key to the fountain design is the ability to grind and polish stone
to an accuracy of a few thousandths of an inch. This allows the gap between the ball and its
pedestal to be very small (on the order of 5/1000 in.) and the water flowrate
correspondingly small (on the order of 5 gal/min). Due to the small gap, the flow in the gap
is essentially that of flow between parallel plates. Although the sphere is very heavy, the
pressure under the sphere within the pedestal needs to be only about 8 psi.

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Example. A massive, precisely machined, 1.8 m diameter granite sphere rests on a 1.2 m
diameter cylindrical pedestal as shown in figure. When the pump is turned on and the
water pressure within the pedestal reaches 55 kPa, the sphere rises off the pedestal,
creating a 1.3  10-2 cm gap through which the water flows. The sphere can then be rotated
about any axis with minimal friction. (a) Estimate the pump flowrate, Q0 , required to
accomplish this. Assume the flow in the gap between the sphere and the pedestal is
essentially viscous flow between fixed, parallel plates. (b) Describe what would happen if
the pump flowrate were increased to 2Q0 .

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Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re  2100

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 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re  2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2 vr 2 v  2 vr 
  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
  t  r r  r  z  r  r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2 v 2 vr  2 v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r   r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz vz  p  1   vz  1  2 vz  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r  2
z 

p
Reduced equations 0    g sin  
r
1 p
0    g cos  
r 
p  1   vz  
0  r 
z  r r  r  
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 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re  2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p    gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
vz    r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic 4   z 

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q   or Q
8  z  8 l

Q R 2 p R 2  p  R 2 p
Mean velocity V  Maximum velocity vmax     2V
 R2 8 l 4  z  4 l

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 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus

Governing equations
p
0    g sin  
r
1 p
0    g cos  
r 
p  1   vz  
0  r 
z  r r  r  

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 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q   vz  2 r  dr      r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln  r0 ri  
 
p  4 4  r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 
12
 r02  ri 2  vz
Maximum velocity occurs at rm    where 0
 2 ln  r0 ri   r

4  cross-sectional area 4  r0  ri 
2 2

Hydraulic diameter Dh    2  r0  ri 
wetted perimeter 2  r0  ri 
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Conceptual Question 6.2C
Two tanks filled with water are connected by two straight circular pipes that have diameters D1 and D2,
as shown in the figure.
The water level in the left tank is twice that of the right tank. If the flow trough the connection pipes is
laminar and can be approximated by the fully developed Poiseuille solution, then the flow through pipe
2 will have the same velocity as the flow through pipe 1 when:
a)the diameter of pipe 2 is less than the diameter of pipe1,
b)the diameter of pipe 2 is greater than the diameter of pipe 1,
c)the diameter of pipe 2 is equal to the diameter of pipe 1.

Formula sheet

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Q   Q
8  z  8 l

Q R 2 p R 2  p  R 2 p
V  vmax     2V
R 2
8 l 4   z  4 l

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End of viscous flow
lectures 

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    v  1 vr 
v  r    r    r     
 rr   p  2  r  r  r  r  
r
 1 v vr   v 1 vz 
    p  2      z   z      
 r  r   z r  
v  v v 
 zz   p  2 z  zr   rz    r  z 
z  z r 

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 Navier-Stokes Equations
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2 vr 2 v  2 vr 

  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
  t  r r  r  z  r  r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2 v 2 vr  2 v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r  r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz vz  p  1   vz  1  2 vz  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 

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  xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
 gx      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xy  yy  zy  v v v v 
 gy      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xz  yz  zz  w w w w 
 gz     u v w
x y z  t x y z 

u  u v 
 xx   p  2   xy   yx     
x  y x 
v  v w 
 yy   p  2   yz   zy     
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz   p  2   zx   xz     
z   x z 